Uae Exchange free essay sample

INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD SCOPE OF THE STUDY The planning, analysis, design, construction, modification, implementation, utilization, evaluation and management of information systems that use information technology to support and coordinate organizational activities including: ? ? ? ? ? ? Effective utilization of information technologies in organizational context. Interdependencies of information technologies and organizational structure, relationships and interaction. Evaluation and management of information systems. Analysis, design, construction, and implementation of computer-based information systems for organizations. Management of knowledge, information, and data in organizations. Information system application in organizations such as transaction processing, routine data processing, decision support, office support, executive support and support for strategic advantage plus the coordination and interaction of such applications. LIMITATIONS 1. The study was time constrained. Limited availability of time made the study difficult. 2. Due to security reasons the company could not reveal many details. 7 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD ORGANIZATION PROFILE UAE Exchange is a remittance and currency exchange company based in the United Arab Emirates with operations in a number of countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Uae Exchange or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has over 625+ branches, over 300 of these are in India through its subsidiary UAE Exchange Financial Services. It is one of the largest remittance companies and has extensive network in the middle east and Asia. SERVICES AND PRODUCTS ? BANK CREDIT ? BILL PAYMENTS ? LOYALTY PROGRAMME ? FOREIGN EXCHANGE ? INSURANCE ? MF PAN ? TRAVEL AND TOUR ? XPAY ? XPRESS LOAN 8 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD IMPLIMENTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM HARDWARE Number of Desktops: 6 Number of laptops: 1 Server system: 1 DESKTOP CONFIGURATION Company: Wipro RAM: 1 GB Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo Hard Disk: 500 GB SERVER SYSTEM RAM: 2 GB Processor: Intel Dual Core Hard Disk: 500 GB 9 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD SOFTWARE SYBASE Replication Server Software is used in UAE exchange branches. SAP Sybase Replication Server is database replication software that moves and synchronizes data across the enterprise to meet a host of competing needs, including guaranteed data delivery, realtime business intelligence and zero operational downtime. Extreme transaction processing systems must support tens of thousands of concurrent users with ultra-fast, nonstop performance on cost-effective, standards-based platforms. ASE does all that—and more. Powering 24 of the top 25 global banks and 46 of the top 50 top global banks and securities firms, the ASE mission-critical enterprise database management system is known for its rock solid reliability, superior performance and low total cost of ownership. The key features include data encryption to protect from internal and external breaches; partitioning technology for better performance and easier maintenance; and, virtualization and clustering capabilities for continuous availability and efficient use of resources. Inmemory database technology provides significant improvements in response time and throughput for high data volume and high concurrent user organizations. And the addition of data compression allows enterprises to reduce storage costs and increase performance on large and growing data sets. 10 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD OPERATING SYSTEMS Windows XP Windows XP service pack 3 is the OS installed in some desktops. Windows XP Service pack 3 was released to manufacturing on April 21, 2008, and to the public via both the Microsoft Download center and Windows update on May 6, 2008. It began being automatically pushed out to automatic update users on July 10, 2008. A feature set overview which details new features available separately as standalone updates to Windows XP, as well as back ported features from Windows Vista, has been posted by Microsoft. A total of 1,174 fixes have been included in SP3. Service pack 3 can be installed on systems with Internet explorer versions 6,7 or 8. Windows 7 Most of the desktops and laptops are loaded with Windows 7 operating system. Windows 7 is the 2nd last release of Microsoft Windows which has got high popularity because of its significant and friendly features. It is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks, tablets and PCs, and media center PCs. Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and reached general retail availability on October 22, 2009, less than three years of its predecessor, Windows Vista. 11 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD NETWORK TYPE OF NETWORK: CLIENT/SERVER Client/server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which oe program, the client, makes a service request from another program, the server, which fulfills the request. Although the client/server idea can be used by programs within a single computer, it is a more important idea in a network. In a network, the client/server model provides a convenient way to interconnect programs that are distributed efficiently across different locations. Computer transactions using the client/server model are very common. The client-server model is a computing model that acts as a distributed application which partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service request called clients. Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware but both client and server may reside in the same system. A server machine is a host that is running one or more server programs which share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources but requests a server’s content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await incoming requests. TOPOLOGY: STAR TOPOLOGY In local area networks with a star topology each network host is connected to a central hub with a point to point connection. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nods on the network must be connected to one central device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal repeater. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nods. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. 12 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD DBMS For maintaining the databases of customers and employees UAE exchange uses Sybase database management software. The screen shot of UAE exchange DBMS for a particular branch is given below: 13 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD 14 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD There will be separate password for each branch and each employee in order to login in this data management portal. Mainly there are 4 major sections. PRODUCTS This session includes the services of UAE exchange. When a customer approaches a staff in the UAE exchange for the particular product, the staff select the particular product from the above list and make necessary filling and all. BACK OFFICE It dedicates to the part of the company where tasks allocated to running the company itself take place. Back office would be those manufacturing or developing the products or involved in administration but without being seen by customers. Although the operations of a back office are seldom prominent, they are a major contributor to a business. MIS (Monthly Income Status) This section includes the monthly income for the staff, the target he have to achieve in that month, and reports, works that he have to submit in a particular month etc. COMMUNIQUE This includes news, notifications and updates for the staffs, staff contacts details of other branches, branch locator, etc. OTHERS Finance and accounting, security settings for the staff etc. are included in this section. Cash details of the full transactions, opening balance, closing balance, share details etc. can be available under this tab. Beyond this DBMS for a particular branch, UAE exchange also keep an online site for customers to deal with the travel and tour services of UAE exchange in which anyone can book their tickets online using their credit cards etc. 15 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD The official website of UAE exchange is www. uaeexchange. com, in which people can search for its product and services and know more about UAE exchange. 16 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD 17 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGHTS ? Strong management ? Innovative culture ? Financial Leverages ? Size advantages ? Cost advantages ? Unique products ? Economies of scale WEAKNESS ? Work inefficiencies ? Bad acquisition ? Tarnished Reputation ? Lack of scale ? Cost structure OPPURTUNITIES ? Financial leverages ? Innovation ? New services and products ? New technology ? Emerging markets THREATS ? Bad economy ? International competition ? Mature markets ? Intense competition ? Volatile revenue ? Substitute products 18 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD CONCLUSION The information system and its application in a branch of UAE exchange is studied well during in this project. The information system implemented in UAE exchange for maintaining the employee and customer information databases help the organization for competing with other companies. The software packages used helps in efficient utilization of the man power and time A well implemented information system shows how organized and well set is the organization. Information technology linked with information system is the most cheapest and efficient method to maintain a good relationship between the organization and the customers. So information system is the vital part in any of the world organizations. 19 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION The core banking system is not enabled in UAE Exchange Financial Services yet. So in order to improve their services they have to implement CBS immediately. The website www. uaeexchange. com can be made more customers friendly by keeping facilities like online Foreign exchange and bill payments and also a facility to chat with the customer service executive for enquires. A research and development department can be implemented which would pin-point needs, opportunities etc. The department would seek to generate its own ideas to generate its own ideas or to obtain them from outside sources. 20 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT UAE EXCHANGE FINANCIAL SERVICES LTD REFERENCES ? www. google. com ? www. wikipedia. com ? www. uaeexchange. com ? www. wikiwealth. com ? www. stylusstudio. com ? www. sybase. in 21 AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, COCHIN

Political Cartoon on Health Care Reform in the United States

Political Cartoon on Health Care Reform in the United States Cartoon Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Cartoon on Health Care Reform in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More (Toles 1) The cartoonist portrays the factors influencing the pace of the healthcare reform process in the United States. He suggests that the process has been very slow and has suffered several setbacks. In spite of the fact that the whole procedure of reforming the healthcare sector has covered a period more than a decade, there are massive political efforts adding some slack the process. The cartoonist demonstrates the parties involved in the healthcare reform bound to suffer from the pace of the reform process. The cartoonist mainly uses metaphors to pass his message. He likens the pace of the reform process to that of a snail meaning that the process has been very slow. In fact, he uses the picture of snail as an ambulance carrying the reform process in its back. In this case, re form process is seen to be in a critical point as symbolized by the ambulatory function of the snail carrying the reform process (Toles 1). The winding path used by the proverbial snail ambulance indicates that the process itself has not been progressive with regard to the achievements made to complete the process. In addition, the cartoonist adds a time frame to the winding path which gives an indicator of the years that the process suffered setbacks. This means that the process took a period of more than a decade. The cartoonist also employs personification to relay his message. An elephant asking the snail to reduce the pace is drawn at the end of the path to suggest that some stakeholders have tried to thwart the reforms. The human ability to talk is attributed to the two animals, and for that reason, presents the use of personification as a literary stylistic device.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The stakeholders in this case have massive influence on the whole process represented by the elephant image interacting with the small snail. The allegorical snail portrays the burden carried in the reform process since the snail is known to carry its shell on its back (Sheppard 21). At the foot of the cartoon, the elephant intimidates the snail ambulance that some people might get hurt in the reform process. This shows that some political bigwigs argue that the position of the reform process may be detrimental to some extent. Figuratively the snail is pictured as bigger than the elephant in the cartoon. This is symbolic of the weight that the reform processes and effort carries over the individual needs of the reform stakeholders The cartoonist exaggerates the pace, which the stakeholders would want to be used in the reform process. The snail pace is proverbially known to be the slowest pace, however, the parties would want the slowest speed be slackened the more. Their influence makes the reform process sluggish, which is portrayed in the year 2010 by the elephant standing on the year’s mark (Sheppard32). The audience of this cartoon will need to correlate the process of perform reforms within the healthcare sector and its impact on the society. One must reckon the fact that the process was established some times in the past and has arrived its critical stages. The reader must also notice that there exist stakeholders with vested interests in the whole reform process who have been a hindrance to its progress. A reader can offer a rebuttal to the cartoonist claim that the stakeholders influence the process in a detrimental manner. This is attributed to the reform process that is meant to be beneficial to all parties. This means that no matter how long it takes to carry out the reforms, all efforts to achieve an all-beneficial policy is valid, and for that reason, it should not be viewed negatively.Advertising We will wri te a custom essay sample on Political Cartoon on Health Care Reform in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sheppard, Alice. Cartooning for suffrage. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008. Print. Toles, Tom. Political cartoon on health care reform in the United States. Right to Health Care ProCon.org. Right to Health Care ProCon.org. N.p.,2009.

Art and fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art and fashion - Essay Example Mannequins such as the Siegel-Vigneau had very seductive with undeniably lifelike bodies significantly contributed to the success of social as well as cultural reconstruction. Surrealists perceived women as in an erotic and decadent disguises who were actually predators in life of men due to their passive sex as well as accessibility which prompts men to be attracted to the female bodies. Female bodies were turned into elements amongst the surrealists because a body could also attract attention and communicating information. A body could reveal some of the most hidden meanings behind its restructuring. Most images were therefore belonged to the repertoire of surrealists although some of them lost their origin in favor of sex appeal. Sexual appeal of a woman’s body was crucial since a woman was considered a sexual object whose life is engrossed exclusively with sexuality (Emanuel 2006). Initially, mannequins were so heavy and were more unrealistic creations which were made of w ax and could melt in the summer heat. However the understanding of women psychology led to great imperfections that made mannequins look like real women bodies. It should be noted that surrealism became very prevalent in 1930s particularly to the public where their artwork became the model for international exhibitions. Visual style artwork became dominated the period between 1930 and 1935 by Dali and Magritte. During this period art served a significant purpose as a way of expression that included hallucinatory imagery (Beck 2007). Surrealism came up with visual techniques that incorporated giving ordinary objects their usual meaning so that they could compel to the public. Audience’s empathy would therefore be aroused because of the image characteristics which were more than just ordinary formal organization. 1930s was characterized with stylistic evolution that included a mixture of depictive and the emotional elements which were very necessary in influencing an audience. Mannequins actually reflected fashion models but some of the headless mannequins represented would make someone think that it had been sliced thus representing scene of a brutal war (Stewart 2008). Mannequins were made to fit dress maker’s form thus reverting them to look like shop mannequins. Shop mannequins were however not made to represent any form of personality or lifestyle but simply to show the outline of the garment. This was really amazing because the objects simply drew attention to how they were created rather than the dress they were wearing (Emanuel 2006). Someone would not think much about the garments on the display despite close imitation of the tailor or designer’s dummy. Representation of the mannequin to the clients became very important hence prompting the introduction of heads and limbs to the headless and limbless mannequins. The most appealing mannequins were the ones which were introduced in the 1930s which had movable limbs making them seem as if they were engaging in some activities. Movements of the limbs proved useful in representation of the lifestyle (Thesander 1997). Surrealists greatly incorporated art into life by relating subject and object in their work. The mannequins were greatly designed by artists who made them look like body objects. Mannequins were nicely used to define surrealism since it

Managing Across Organizational & Cultural Boundaries Essay - 1

Managing Across Organizational & Cultural Boundaries - Essay Example inancially starved due to the fact that they offer services to the general public at subsidized rates which at times will not be able to foot the maintenance cost of the facilities, thus they are forced to either request for grants or financial aid from government agencies to enable them rum their daily services undisturbed (Di Dimenico, 2011). Thus, private entities will be invited to collaborate with the public health facilities to ensure there are sufficient funds for running the facilities and catering for all the inherent expenses to ensure continuity of service delivery. Most public health facilities will be prone to offering substandard health services as a result of poor management and also lack of funds to initiate efficiency in service delivery. Thus, public-private partnership will ensure a considerable improvement in efficiency at the facilities in terms of service provision and also better management. Finally, the basis of collaborative advantage is enhanced service quality to the clients. The experience that clients of the facility are going to enjoy after the collaboration will incredibly improve as increased staff expertise will be injected into the institution as well as better and advanced technology will be employed to give the clients a satisfying experience (Lane, 2009). The main basis for public-private partnership and collaboration can be mainly categorized into three as explained below. Contracting out is the first category under the public private partnership. Contracting comes in a number of ways including; service, management, construction, maintenance, and equipment contracts. The main idea behind contracting out is outsourcing public functions to the private sector to enhance quality and service delivery thus leveraging a comparative advantage from the private sector (Di Dimenico., 2011). The private sector is all time believed to be a better performer in both management and service delivery as opposed to the public where

Explain the role that formal and informal groups play in organizations Essay

Explain the role that formal and informal groups play in organizations - Essay Example A work group comprises of two or more employees working with each other and depending on each other in the decision-making process. There is no collective effort. Each group member has his own capabilities and performance level and every member contributes in the decision-making so that all members excel in their relevant areas of performance. A work team makes collective effort and the end result is more productive than all efforts combined. This advantage is what many organizations are striving for by implementing work teams despite the fact that team management costs much. That is why during a candidate’s selection process, it is considered whether the individual is able to work in teams or not. A formal group when managed by a manager or a supervisor brings out high level of productivity because the level of professionalism is high. An informal group enhances this productivity through the bondage of friendship and interpersonal association between the employees (Martin & F ellens, 2010, p.252). Thus, work teams and work groups tend to be very effective for the contemporary business in the long run, if managed properly.

Analysis Of The Malaysian Communists

Analysis Of The Malaysian Communists The emergency was introduced to Malaya as a mean to eradicate communism. Without communism, the emergency era will not come about. This shows that communism played an important role during this era. Communism was first introduced by Karl Marx in the mid-19th century in his book The Communist Manifesto, Das Capital and The German Ideology. Communism is against feudalism and imperialism and it is determined to change this administrative system to communism trough violence and war. According to Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008, communism is a socio-political movement that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production, free access to articles of consumption, and the end of wage labour and private property in the means of production and real estate. Communism is followed by several countries that time, for example China and Russia. 2In July 1919, Communist International (Comintern) instructed its party to spread communism to the whole world. In Malaya, communism is spread through Kuomintang (National Peoples Party, established by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in 1912) and Nanyang Communist Party. As both the party is from China, it is easier to spread communism among the Chinese. Communism was spread through labour union, political parties, night classes and through publications. Communism was spread among the Malays by Indonesia Communist Party throughout 1924 till1930 but the attempts failed as communism was against Islamic beliefs and their culture. This ideology does not acknowledge the presence of God but in Islam, the God is considered as the highest power of the whole universe. Besides, this ideology uses violence to get their way while in Islamic studies, violence is strictly prohibited except when forced to and to claim ones right. Communism is also not accepted by the Indians. One of the main reasons i s that MCP consists mainly of Chinese which raise the suspicion of the other two races. They were therefore more ready to help the British in bringing down MCP. Karl Marx Father of Communism 3 MALAYA COMMUNIST PARTY In 1930, the Malaya Communist Party (MCP) was established with the objective of forming Republic of Communist Malaya. MCP had recruited a lot of cadres (new members of a political party trained to become loyal followers) and even seeped into most of the labour union. MCP also tried to spread communism to Sarawak but in vain as the people there does not have enough knowledge for politics. In the year 1935, MCPs attempts became more violent. More and more strikes and labour unrest occurred with the greatest strike occurring in a charcoal mine in Batu Arang, Selangor where as much as 6000 workers participated in the strike to take over the mine. As a result, the British sent 300 police to end the strike. Most of the leaders involved in the strike were sent back to China and following that incident, MCPs leader was arrested. When Japan attacked Malaya, MCP offered help to the British to fight off Japan. MCPs members were trained in Sekolah Latihan Khas 101 in Singapore on guerilla war tactics. This school then became the guerilla team headquarters in fighting the Japanese army in Malaya. MCP then formed the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) and the British supplied them with firearms through another force named Force 136, also one of the anti-Japanese army but mainly consists of Malay members. 4When the war is over, a political vacuum occurred in Malaya.MCP took this opportunity to rule Malaya through its army, MPAJA for 14 days. The MPAJA troops are known as the Three Stars, symbolizing the three main races in Malaya-Malay, Chinese and Indian. MCP ruled Malaya inhumanely, torturing and killing anyone who had cooperated with the Japanese before this. They also imposed high taxes on the citizens making them suffer from poverty. Other than that, villages were burnt at night with its people still inside their houses and mosques were destroyed. Their actions angered the Malays and as most of the members of MPAJA were Chinese, racial tensions occurred. The villagers stood against MCP causing chaos over the whole Malaya. This issue was resolved when British came back to rule Malaya again through the British Military Administration (BMA) in September 1945 as the British thinks that military administrative system was required to restore peace to the country. BMA wanted MPAJA to be disbanded and the firearms to be returned to them. MCP agreed to close down MPAJA but they did not surrender all of the firearms. Instead, they kept part of it for themselves just in case they will have to use it again in the future although the British government paid each of them who returned the firearms $350 and a bag of rice, hoping that this would encourage the MCPs members in returning the firearms. MCP, which had already seeped into the labour union started to be active in political movements. 5MCP openly joined the political process, branching out and concentrating on labour activities. The MCPs legal activities started by becoming a member of the Governors Advisory Council in Singapore in 1945 and were involved in groups like the Malayan Democratic Union and the Malayan Nationalist Party. Their plan was to cause serious disruption and chaos to the economy through strikes and labor agitation and ride the tide of discontent to power. Communist had fertile ground through Chinese schools for recruitment and agitation. Due to the abandonment of BMA, many young Chinese were convinced that the Malay leadership planned to relegate Chinese to permanent second class status. Their future seemed bleak and the communist offered hope. When the Japanese left Malaya, economy was disrupted. Malayan people faced many challenges including low wages, unemployment, scarce and expensive food. Due to the revenue from Malayas rubber and tin industry that was important to the Britishs own recovery, BMA was attempting to repair Malayas economy quickly while there was a large number of strikes and a considerable labour unrest during 1946 through 1948. Harsh measurements such as arrest and deportation were used in dealing with protestors causing them to be increasingly militant. A temporary rubber price drop in the world at 1947 caused employers to seek government action to restrict union operations as the Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Unions (PMFTU) directly controlled 80-90 percent of the unions in Malaya. Increasing violence especially against European planters convinced the government to strengthen the already stringent law of 1940 to govern the trade union activities. New measures were introduced which requires registration of all unions and condition for registration, certain terms on the eligibility of union officials to hold office were imposed. Situation for workers generally improved however, diminishing influence of the PMFTU and hence the MCP in the labour unions of Singapore and Malaya. 6The MCP was also experiencing serious difficulties within its own organization. The Secretary-General Lai Tek disappeared in March 1947 and later MCP revealed that he had been a double agent. This was a strengthening faction which had consistently argued for an armed struggle. It was decided at the Fourth Plenary Session to prepare for this struggle by moving all party activities underground. Trade unions were encouraged to not only improve welfare of workers but also to lead them to the road of violent action. The authorities were alerted to the change of direction on MCPs policy after a spate of murders and attacks on the European estate managers. BMA did not last long and as soon as MPAJA is disbanded, the British came up with a new administrative system known as Malayan Union. However, the locals did not agree with the system as it threatens their status quo by having jus soli citizenship and due to other factors as well. On the contrary, MCP very much support this kind of administrative system as that will means citizenship for all of them. Furthermore, this system will also not be controlled by the rajas and the Malay officers. This is why, in 1948, when the British decided to change Malayan Union to Federation of Malaya, MCP stood against it. 7In February 1948, a few representatives of MCP attended the Asian Communists Youth Conference in Calcutta, India. The conference encouraged the communist parties to have an armed rebellion to achieve their objective, which is to overthrow the British government and establish the Communist Republic of Malaya. This caused the MCP, led by Chin Peng to form a guerilla unit known as Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) and as most of the firearms not returned are kept in the jungle, this guerilla unit was formed in the jungle itself. MCP started the rebellion by attacking the colonial resource extraction industries, which in Malaya were tin mines and rubber plantations owned by Europeans. (extracted from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency) Besides that, they also attack the police station, set factories and buses on fire, damage railway tracks, one of the most important means of transportation essential in sending products from factories to the port, and kill people they think works with or cooperate with the British. . Their plan was to cripple the economy in Malaya, conquering big cities, and towns in the outskirts and finally driving the British out of the country. Damaged railway tracks 8 MPAJA cap-shown by the red star THE EMERGENCY ERA MEASURES TO COMBAT THE COMMUNIST THREAT The climax of the MCP violence was on 16 June 1948, when three European estate managers were killed. This incident appalled the British government and spurred them into action to eradicate the communists and their activities. Among the measures taken were the declaration of emergency, enlarging the security force, the Briggs Plan, military steps, psychological warfare ( the Templer Plan), and through the declaration of amnesty. DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY Following the death of the three European estate managers, the British High Commissioner, Sir Edward Gent declared Perak and Johor as emergency areas. A state of emergency was declared on the whole of Malaya a day later. This action is to protect the economic interest of British in Malaya. MCP was finally outlawed on 23 July 1948 followed by all of the leftist parties. 9Following the declaration of emergency, the British government reinforced the Emergency Law of 1948. The Emergency Law of 1948 enabled police and soldiers to arrest and detain communist suspects without a trial. It also allows the police force to ransack houses, move citizens to a new area or quarantine a certain location suspected to be involved in communism. Roadblocks and curfews in areas where communists activities were rife were also imposed. It was called an emergency, not a war so that it was possible for businessmen to claim insurance for damage to property from insurance companies, Lloyds insurers in this case. ENLARGING THE SECURITY FORCE The government also took action in increasing the number of soldiers and police in the country. The police force was reorganized and enlarged until it reaches an amazing number of 70000 people. To increase its military troops, the British brought in soldiers from Commonwealth countries, especially from Australia, New Zealand, East Africa and Fiji to eradicate the communist threat in Malaya. In addition, the government also established the Home Guard troops in the village to assist the police and military force. Members of the troop are of both genders and the establishment of the Home Guard troop heightened the spirits of the locals to defend the country from communists. The willingness and courage of the Malays to fight the communists awed the British High Commissioner, Sir Henry Gurney. Besides that, as much as 24000 Special Constables were trained and sent to isolated estates and mines to prevent the attack of communists against them. The military force also bombed and ambushed areas that nested the communists with the help of the British Air Force. 10 BRIGGS PLAN Sir Harold Rowdon Briggs introduced the Briggs Plan to eradicate communist activities through a strategy that relocate the squatter areas from the edge of the forest to a new village and by launching starvation movement in 1950. He himself became the operation director of the plan. The relocation plan started on 1 June 1950 in Johor. Towards February 1952, more than 400,000 Chinese squatters were relocated to approximately 400 new villages. This plan was aimed at restricting the Chinese from supplying food, medicine and information to the communist guerrillas who were hiding in the jungle. This plan was effective in eradicating communist violence because it weakened Min Yuen activities and forced the communist out of the jungles. The new villages were fully equipped with basic amenities such as houses, schools, medical facilities, electric and water supply. The new village was also fenced with barbed wire and guarded by Special Constables to monitor the movements of the villagers. 11In the new village, each family head is given a food ration card to ensure that all of his family members obtained sufficient food supply. The in and out of the villagers within the new village was also supervised at all times. All these fall under the British plan, the Starvation Movement to ensure the communist will not get any food, weapons, information and medicinal supply from the villagers. This is what that weakens the Min Yuen activity which is formed by the communists to provide food and medicine to them. Most of the MinYuen members are mine and estate workers, either forced in or are involved voluntarily. With the help of road blocks, it will be impossible for the communists to get any supplies from the villagers. They were forced out of the jungle to get the supplies themselves and this made it easier for the British to demolish them. Other means to eradicate communism includes introducing a new registration system that is the same for the whole Malaya whereby citizens above 12 years of age are required to register themselves to the government to be given an identification card to be differentiated from the communists. Briggs also supports the formation of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) in 1949 that helps Chinese squatters lead their lives in the new village. MCA has conducted fund raising through the sale of lottery tickets. The lottery proceeds were then donated to the Chinese settlers in the new village to help them lead a more easy life. The Briggs Plan was a success in crippling the MCP networks. MCP started to feel the pressure on them and the downfall of villagers towards them that in their Central Committee Meeting in Pahang, they decided to reduce violence against civilians and to retreat to southern Thailand. MILITARY STEPS Sir Gerald Templer was appointed the High Commissioner of Malaya in 1952 to replace Sir Henry Gurney, who was shot dead by communists, on 6 October 1951, while on his way to Fraserss Hill. 12 As a military general, he used firm military force to fight the communists. His military tactics included the use of 13 battalions of English soldiers, Gurkhas and Malays training 67 000 special Malay soldiers and forming home guards system with 210 000 of them in 1953 and recruiting assistance from the Commonwealth military, such as from Australia, New Zealand and Rhodesia. The strength of the military team enabled the government to launch more aggressive attacks on the communists and ensured that food was not smuggled out for the guerrilla communists. PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE Sir Gerald Templer also launched psychological warfare upon the communist terrorists by the campaign winning the hearts and minds of the people as he realized that the use of force and weapons alone will not be enough to eliminate the influence of communists. Campaigns like Malayans Against Communism Month were held successfully in which the villagers of all three races held banners condemning violence of communism. They also burnt dolls of communists to show their hate towards them. Pamphlets opposing the communists were also distributed throughout Malaya. The psychological warfare implemented by the government starts to grow hate towards the cruelty of communists in the villagers that they volunteered themselves in joining security forces and in the police force to defend their land. 13Besides that, Templer also introduced the system of white and black areas. The white area is an area that is announced free from communist activities, while the opposite is the case for a black area in which Templer introduced curfews as the communist activities were still active and the soldiers were hunting for the communists. By 1954, Templer had announced Malacca, Terengganu, Kedah, Perlis and Negeri Sembilan as white areas. To draw support from the Chinese in supporting this psychological warfare, Templer made it easier for the non-Malays to obtain citizenship that allows 1.2 million Chinese and 1.8 million Indians became the citizens of Malaya. The leniency of state requirements showed the sacrifice of the Malays in creating unity and welfare of all citizens. In the psychological warfare campaign, Templer also increased the value of the prizes offered to citizens who manage to capture or give out information regarding the communists guerillas. Whoever manages to catch Chin Peng, whether dead or alive will be rewarded with $250, 000 while those who capture or kill his assistants will be rewarded with $200, 000. Templer had successfully made Chin Peng the public enemy in this way. The Malay Sultans and officers also played an important role in this warfare by telling their people that those who helped the communists will be considered as a national traitor. The Malays were also reminded of the cruelty of the communists during the takeover of the country by the Three Stars army after the surrender of Japan. The Malays were urged to help the government eradicate communism in the country. The government also made efforts in producing hate towards communists in the citizens by calling them terrorists. 14The government then reinforces the food ration rule which force the communists who cannot obtain food to plant their own food. However, the government failed their plan by spraying poison all over the crop area, leaving them to starve until they surrender. At the same time, pamphlets calling the communist terrorists to give up their fight were also given out with the help of the Air Force. Templers psychological warfare can be said to be one of the factors for the success of the government of the Federation of Malaya in ending the communist revolution. This encouraged the people of Malaya to work together with the government to eliminate the communist terrorists. DECLARATION OF AMNESTY The government offered amnesty to encourage communists to surrender themselves to the government. About 40 000 pamphlets and 12 000 amnesty pass were given out in Chinese, Malay and Tamil. The Malaya Radio will also broadcast the conditions of the amnesty offer daily. Posters were put up everywhere and advertisements and movies are used to help citizens encourage communism terrorists to surrender. 15= Communists who surrendered. THE MEETING IN BALING In the federal legislative council election in 1955, the Alliance Party had come up with a manifesto which promised immediate independence and ending the emergency. Tunku Abdul Rahman also promised that if given credential, he will negotiate with the communists. Chin Peng then wrote a letter to him confirming the negotiation and the negotiation was held in an English school in Baling, Kedah on the 28 and 29 of December 1955.Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall and Tun Tan Cheng Lock represented the government while Chin Peng, Chien Tien and Rashid Maidin represented MCP. In the meeting, Tunku Abdul Rahman requested Chin Peng to disband MCP, lay down their weapons and to surrender themselves. Chin Peng agreed to surrender and to lay down their weapons with the condition that MCP is to be recognized as a valid political party by the government. As Tunku Abdul Rahman realized that communism is not suitable for our multi-racial society, he turned down the offer and the meeting was considered a failure. As a result, the conflict between the government and the communists increased causing other Commonwealth countries to send troops to Malaya to aid British in ending communism. 16 Although the negotiation failed, Tunku Abdul Rahman stated that he is ready to negotiate with the communists again under the condition that it is the communists desire to meet him and that they are prepared to surrender themselves. Although many attempts were made by the communists to resume peace talks with the government, they will not surrender and therefore was not entertained. On 31 August 1957, Malaya gained independence when the emergency law was not over yet. With the independence of Malaya, MCP lost its influence in the people. The last serious resistance from MRLA guerrillas ended with a surrender in the Telok Anson marsh area in 1958. The remaining MRLA forces fled to the Thai border and further east. (Extracted from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency) The Malayan government declared that the emergency was over on 31 July 1960. Chin Peng moved to Beijing where the Chinese authorities placed him in the International Liaison Bureau, where many other Southeast Asian Communists Party leaders were accommodated. 17 THE EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY IN MALAYA The British government declared a State of Emergency throughout Malaya on the 18th of June 1948. This state of emergency ended officially on the July 31st 1960 and its effects were seen politically, economically and socially. POLITICAL ASPECT The British granted citizenship to the non-Bumiputeras particularly the Chinese who made the bulk of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). Chinese citizenships were bestowed to over half of the Chinese population in Malaya and they were able to enter the Malayan Civil Service for the first time. Since the government had stressed the need for a united Malayan nation, the creation of communal parties had been viewed. Communal parties such as United Malays National Organization (UMNO) and the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) successfully contested in the Kuala Lumpur municipal elections of February 1952. Subsequently the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) comprising of the Indian community formed a coalition with UMNO and MCA into the Alliance Party in 1954. This was cited as a positive step towards the creation of a united Malayan nation. The victory of this unity was demonstrated in the federal elections of July 1955 where the Alliance won 51 of the 52 contested seats. As a result of this vi ctory, the Alliance partys views were given prominence by the Reid Commission, formed in 1955 to prepare a constitution for an independent Malaya. 18The Emergency Law implemented by the British was also seen as a way to curb the left-winged radical parties. As a result of this rule, it gave rise of what we have today that is the Malaysian race which means a single nationality in which all persons qualify as citizens of this country. This is so either by birth or by fulfilling requirements of residence, language and oath of loyalty. This further induced the Chinese and the Indians in particular to cooperate with the government so as to have a win-win situation. ECONOMICAL ASPECT The economy took a downturn. The countrys wealth was spent to suppress the communists activities in Malaya. The government spent about 250,000 to 300,000 a day during the Emergency Rule. This was with regards to upkeep the peace and safety of the people during that time. The money used was to further enhance and expand the police force as well as the home guard. On the contrary, the development of the rural areas was neglected. The governments focus was on the New Village, hence failing to raise the living standards of the people of Malaya. 19The state of emergency which was declared to deal with the danger revealed some of the serious ethnic divisions existing within the community. This happened during the struggle of the British government trying to attain economic goal in the export earnings coming from rubber and tin industry. The Chinese were initially recruited for work in the tin mining industry; the Indians were assigned the task of working on the rubber estates; and the Malays were directed towards providing food for the growing economic machine. These considerations allowed a few privileged members to rise above the economic functions allotted to their particular ethnic groups. By 1957, when the independent Federation of Malaya was announced, the communist threat had faded. But the communal threat remained a legacy of colonial rule which would determine the unity and the survival of a new nation. SOCIAL ASPECT The Emergency Rule saw the destruction of about 21,230 lives which included the general public, whereas 6133 dead were communists. This rule also jeopardized the lives of many. They lived in fear and poverty because of the communist threat. The farmers could not plough their lands due to the laws. Rationing of food forced people to depend on food like tapioca and yam, just like what happened when the Japanese ruled. A new body known as Communities Liaison Committee (CLC) was established to foster unity and close ties among the different races in Malaya. The government also introduced a new national education syllable which is Malaya oriented in hope that it will produce patriotic young generations. Besides that, the usage of the same national language was hoped to be able to produce understanding among the multi-racial society. 20 CONCLUSION From this emergency incident, we can see how important it is for the citizens to not only work with each other but also to cooperate with the government in achieving an aim. Without the support of its people, Malaya will never be able to get free from communism. Malaysians today should keep this in mind and be grateful to the sacrifice made by our ancestors in order to get us here today, in this peaceful society. 21

Frank and Rita in the First Scene of the Play :: Educating Rita Plays Willy Russell Essays

Frank and Rita in the First Scene of the Play To explore how Russell presents the characters of Frank and Rita during the first scene of the play. Russell’s play has been created to stretch out and grab the audiences attention, feelings and emotions right from the beginning of the play. In my essay I will aim to explore how he establishes the characters roles and how they interact with each other during the first scene of the play. Firstly, with the quote â€Å"he manages a gulp at the whisky.† Russell presents Frank as an alcoholic, this is because he is able to take a gulp of whisky without gasping or coughing so this shows that he is used to taking such large amounts. This may then lead to the audience feeling that Frank maybe an insecure person, as he has to turn to drink for comfort and security. Then when Rita first appears, with the quote â€Å"Its that bleedin’ handle on that door, you wanna get it fixed!† Russell is establishing the character of the play and their attitudes and distinctive personalities. With Rita she is shown as a boisterous person. This is clearly exposed with the words â€Å"Bleed’n†¦You wanna get it fixed† as these words are commanding techniques and it shows to the audience in a short amount of time that Rita is in control. This would shock them as Rita is speaking improperly towards the teacher. Also with â€Å"I think your marvellous†¦you’re the first breath of fresh air that has been in this room for ages.† Russell now presents Frank as a flirtatious person who is attempting to chat up Rita. With the words â€Å"first breath of fresh air† this show s that Frank doesn’t have many young â€Å"fresh† minds in his office to teach. The audience may feel sorry for Frank as he seems to have a lonely life in his darkened office and also how he seems to have given up on life. Following on from this with the quote â€Å"look at those tits.† Russell uses the word â€Å"tits† to show to emphasise even more to the audience that Rita is different to the other students. She is an open minded and loud person who unintentionally makes herself out to be a person who is not afraid to say what she believes. So as a consequence the audience may be startled as Rita is not acting in the normal pupil to teacher register. Also they may feel that Rita is a loud person who is trying to cover up for being nervous one. To add to this, â€Å"Wait a minute listen to me†¦you’re gonna bleedin’ well

Central Nervous system &Metaphors

This essay explores the concept of an organization style metaphorically as professed by Gareth Morgan in his book Images of Organizations (1989). This essay provides examples of how the responsibilities and functionality of upper management within a corporation serve similar functions as to how the brain functions within the Central Nervous system. First, one must understand exactly what a metaphor is in order to understand how Morgan (1989) comes to his conclusion.A metaphor is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them (2009). Morgan (1989) discusses how the brain is a metaphor for a company’s organization structure and behavior. He considers the organization as the brain and draws attention to the importance of information, learning, and intelligence, and provides a framework for understanding modern organizations . This style of organization has the capacity to be flexible and inventive with a continuous improvement mindset.The brain stores and processes enormous amounts of information in its parts simultaneously thus the end result being able to speak and walk. To understand the brain like metaphor we have to understand that the brain is made of two hemispheres. It is understood that the left side of the brain is the more logical, analytical and rational side, much like the strategy and finance side of an organization whereas the right side is more creative and emotional much like the marketing and human resources departments of an organization.Like the brain, an organization has areas that concentrate on particular parts of the business; however, the organization as a whole must work together. Each department can work on its own as can be seen in artificial intelligence such as Rodney Brooks' mobot (Morgan, 1989). The functions of an organization such as Marketing, Human Resources, Finance , Operations, and Information Technology have a series of processes which results in the function of whole organization. Each of these departments in an organization can be likened to a sensory input element to the executive â€Å"brain†.Marketing, for example, can serve as the â€Å"eyes† of the organization by providing input to the brain related to the business environment, supply and demand and other market elements important to the navigation capabilities of the organization. The Finance department acts as the â€Å"skin† by providing information about the financial atmosphere and environment of the corporate body. The Finance department â€Å"skin† can tell the corporate brain whether conditions are financially cool, or hot. Also, the †skin† can indicate whether the organization is acting in a manner that produces â€Å"pain† in terms of financial difficulties.Operations acts as the ears of an organization, providing information a bout the â€Å"balance† of the entire organization and allowing the brain of the leadership to issue the appropriate instructions to the organization to keep it moving without collapse. Human Resources acts as a taste mechanism for the organizational body, giving the brain an idea of the building blocks (personnel) that are being introduced to the organizational body. The IT department can be likened to the central nervous system. It is this department that maintains the flow of information to and from the â€Å"brain† of the organization.The metaphor of the organization as a body with the corporate officers as the brain can be further understood with respect to what happens when there are breakdowns in any one of the parts composing the organizational body. Failure of the Human Resource department, for example, can lead to the ingestion of organizational poison: workers who are not qualified for the jobs they are assigned. If the â€Å"skin† of finance fails, t he infection of debt may set in, causing necrosis to various parts of the organizational body.It is possible that such a result could result in a systemic infection that could kill the entire organization. The Operations department should malfunction; the entire organization could lose its balance and fall, destroying the organizational â€Å"brain†. Perhaps most significantly, the failure of IT to properly move information between the â€Å"brain† and the other appendages of the organization, the result is paralysis, as the messages the executive send get lost or misinterpreted. The organization-as-brain-and-body metaphor goes a long way toward explaining the interconnectivity of various aspects of organizations.All the component parts contribute information to the executive â€Å"brain† which can react quickly and guide the organization toward action that will make the most effective use of the information. The failure of any one of the component parts of the organizational body represents a hazard that threatens the organization as a whole, and the brain in particular. â€Å"Metaphor. † Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Merriam-Webster Online. 17 April 2009

Jackie Roosevelt Robinson

Jackie Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in a small town of Cairo, Georgia, to a family of sharecroppers. Jackies mother, Mallie Robinson, single handedly raised him and his four siblings. They later moved to Pasadena, California, where they encountered much racial discrimination. They were the only black family living on the block at that time so Jackie did not have a very pleasant childhood. He had no friends and never went out into the neighborhood. He grew up excelling in many different sports though, such as: football, basketball, baseball, and track. He went to high school at John Muir Technical High and played all four sports there. He then went on to college at University of California at Los Angeles or better known as UCLA. At UCLA he was the first athlete to be on four varsity teams. In 1941 he made the All-American football team. After college, he became a professional football player for the Los Angeles Bulldogs. He then enlisted in the ! U.S. Army due to financial pressure on his family. He eventually became a second lieutenant. Not long after that, Jackie was court-marshaled for speaking out on racial discrimination. He then was given an honorable discharge. In 1945, Jackie played in the Negro Leagues of baseball. He traveled all over America with the Kansas City Monarchs. He and his friends, Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson, heard about a man who was trying to integrate baseball. Jackie never thought that the man, Branch Rickey, would choose him. Jackie started his professional baseball career with the Dodgers. By the end of his first season with the dodgers he had married his love, Rachel Isum, had gotten 12 homeruns, 29 steals, and a .297 batting average, which means that every ONE-THOUSAND times he batted he got a hit 297 times. He also got the Rookie of the Year Award, given to the rookie with the best statistics. In 1949, he was selected as the National League Most Val...

What If Your Writers Wont Work In WordPress

What If Your Writers Wont Work In WordPress Your blogging team has writers who dont want to work in WordPress. And this is not good. It really shouldnt matter where people get their writing done, so long as they write. Except that it does matter, at least for the person who has to finalize the posts. When writing in something outside of WordPress, content gets wrapped in rather messy formatting. Writers send you posts in the body of an email, or in  Microsoft Word, for example. Getting rid of the extra formatting so it doesnt blow up your WordPress blog  involves manual copy-paste solutions with an extra step to strip out formatting. Even worse? You cant really create a complete blog post outside of WordPress; someone is going to have to upload the images, make sure the headline tags are correct, and add code for things like . Writing Outside Of WordPress Here, each of our writers has their own preference. Some of us work in WordPress because of the preference of frequent previews. At other times, we prefer Google Drive,  Evernote,  Editorially, or  Draft. Thats our preferences. One of the  most common place where blog posts get written is in  Microsoft Word. Why would anyone write outside of the blogging platform that is ultimately going to do the actual publishing of their work? 1. WordPress can be confusing. Some writers are used to, and most comfortable, writing in the software theyve always used. Dragging them into WordPress and asking them to write as good as ever while learning an entirely new system is counterproductive. Even us longtime users of WordPress have rather negative feelings about the entire writing experience in the system. 2. People dont trust WordPress. The new updates included an autosave that works well, but many bloggers still have that old ingrained fear of writing the Greatest Blog Post Ever only to lose it by accidentally swiping the wrong way on their Apple Magic Mouse or closing the browser tab. Theyve known that possibility, and experienced it, in the past. 3. Getting them to write is the main battle. Sometimes your writers are writing because they have to, not that they want to. Getting them to write is the main battle; why fight another about where they write? If they are more likely to write in Word or Evernote, great. Be happy that they will write. What do you do when your writers wont work in WordPress?Try to Change Their Mind Its worth the attempt to try to get your writers on board with WordPress, and heres how you can do it. 1. Get them training. Whether its in-house or through an online course, you can insist that your writers get training. There are many place online that offer training and tutorials in using WordPress. Theres the popular Lynda.com training site, as well as WordPress.orgs very own tutorials. 2. Give them a contributor account. A contributor account in WordPress allows your writers to write and manage their own posts, but they cannot publish them. You can keep them from having access to anything that might seriously do damage to your blog. Even if they dont know anything about formatting, the writing is happening inside of WordPress and will save you from importing it in. 3. Use a third-party app. Apps like MarsEdit, Live Writer, and Editorially allow your writers to work outside of WordPress, and import what theyve written beautifully into the system. The can choose an interface that is less intimidating to do their work. Remember, you are changing a habit for your writer. They may have been writing in Word their entire life, and this is going to be nothing short of a rebellion for them. Be sure the battle to change the habit is worth it in the long run.

Recent biotechnological approaches that have been used to enhance the Essay

Recent biotechnological approaches that have been used to enhance the yield and diversity of amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics - Essay Example These enrichments are only possible with Biotechnology. In the agriculture sector, many technologies are used such as genetic manipulation and gene transfer, development of recombinant vaccines, molecular markers, DNA-based disease diagnosis and characterization, embryo transfer and in vitro propagation of plants. In the food industry, the food processing is the main part where biotechnology intermission is required. For the improvement of the bacterial strains, genetic modification of the strains for the food processing microorganisms by the identification, characterization and alteration is done. Thus biotechnology has vast applications in many fields. Biofuels: As the fossil fuels are very limited, the search for the alternative methods that are renewable and safe are looked upon. The biological fuels such as ethanol, methane, hydrogen etc., are increasing day by day. To improve the production quality of these biofuels, the biotechnological approaches are used. The drawbacks of th ese methods such as low yield, high cost of feed, ad lack of active micro organisms can be overcome by using biotechnological approaches. ... Here the metabolic pathway is altered. The glucose metabolism towards the metabolic pyruvate formate lyase pathway by interrupting the succinate producing and lactate producing pathways. (Yoshida et al. 2006). By this technique the yield of hydrogen was increased from 1.08 mol/mol glucose to 1.83 mol/mol glucose which is 190 percent increase in the yields when compared to the wild strain hydrogen production. (Yoshida et al. 2006). The maize is used for the production of biofuel nowadays. The distillery soluble waste obtained after the ethanol production called as dried distiller grain soluble (DDGS), is usually left out as cattle feed. The researchers have found that this DDGS has a lot of nutritional value and if the feed is improved with amino acid and vitamin content, it can be used for swine and poultry. (Ufaz and Galili 2008). Lignocellulostic biomass is widely used as the main source of sugars for the fermentation to biofuels and other energy sources. These sugars are present b ound to the plant cell walls. The process of overcoming these barriers by the use of some break through technologies is termed as â€Å"biomass recalcitrance†. (Tomes and Lakshmanan 2010). Pretreatment of the biomass and then using it as the raw material for biofuel production will result in better yield. As lignin is not degraded easily by the protease enzymes, some modification to the substrate is very essential. Lignin hinders its active site form the enzymes and also binds reversibly to the proteins, because of this nature of lignin the enzymatic conversion is very less. So an alternative approach of increasing the pore size of the biomass can help to increase the enzymatic activity. Enzymes such as cellulase and hemicellulase are used for the

Newspaper Article or News Program Discussion Post Essay

Newspaper Article or News Program Discussion Post - Essay Example The article argues that discretion is a function of many variables that differ from case to case. Therefore, how to apply discretion for the best results in all or most cases cannot be reduced to a simple formula that can be used to guide prosecutors (Davis 30). Without such as guide, prosecutors are given too much freedom and power and this leads to abuse and injustice. The issue of prosecutorial discretion came under spotlight recently when Attorney General told prosecutors that they are under no obligation to defend unjust laws (Gershman). This raises the question of whether they can nullify laws. If prosecutors are under no obligation to defend unjust laws, they are effectively nullifying those laws. This is a further evidence of the wide powers of prosecutors given to them under the doctrine of prosecutorial discretion. A prosecutor with a political agenda can apply the law selectively and that is manifest injustice (Davis 26). The issue of prosecutorial discretion is important because it inevitably comes up in discussion about injustice in criminal justice system especially now when the number of cases of wrongful conviction are increasing. It appears there is need to relook into discretionary powers or strengthen accountability. Gershman, Bennett. "Refusing to Defend Unjust Laws: Prosecutorial Discretion or Prosecutorial Nullification?." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.