Flooding in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Flooding in South Africa Essay Most floods take hours or days to create, giving inhabitants sufficient opportunity to get ready or clear. Others happen rapidly and with small notice. These blaze floods can be incredibly perilous and cause significant harm to the scene and the habitants of such a territory. Calamity authorities have different methods of grouping floods as per their probability of happening and the power of the flood. A hundred-year flood, for instance, is a very enormous, ruinous occasion that would hypothetically be relied upon to happen just once consistently. Substantial downpour in a brief timeframe in the piece of South Africa, made more than several individuals be destitute by overwhelming flooding. Floods made many look for shelter on housetops and on trees. This fiasco slaughtered more than many individuals causing the loss of life to rise. As of late these floods caused departure of the Kruger National, a game hold in Northern South Africa. Floods likewise secured a few farmlands and harvests were murdered thus constraining homesteads to close. The vast majority of the streets, dams and huge structures were harmed. Because of flooding a few mines had to close, this the instance of a coal mineshafts in Limpopo. Floods habitually causes significant foundation harm of streets, railroad lines, power gracefully frameworks, water flexibly and sewage removal frameworks. Bribges over streams are especially presented to harm and disturbance of transportation frameworks follows. The monetary impacts of flooding are frequently more prominent t han the flood itself. (Parker 2000) According to Parker (2000) in light of the fact that floods as often as possible pulverize yields and animals, food deficiencies are normal in the result. Floods may influence food accessibility in various manners. Food stocks might be harmed if capacity zones are overflowed. Genuine flooding typically upsets transportation of food deficiency zones, especially in towns, which are cut off from gracefully sources and have lacking food stock. Effects of flooding may impede the monetary development and advancement that is the significant expense of help and recuperation may antagonistically affect interest in foundation and other improvement exercises in the region and in specific cases may injure the slight economy of the of the district. Repetitive flooding in an area may debilitate long haul speculations by the legislature and private division the same. Absence of livehoods, joined with relocation of talented work and expansion may negatively affect a region’s monetary development. Loss of asset can prompt significant expenses of products and ventures, postponing its advancement programs. (Drep activity universal league of Red Cross and sickle social orders). Figure 2 three child were during floods in Limpopo As talked about under different points of view, it is obvious from the task that floods had unfriendly effect on the financial status of livehoods for individuals in South Africa all the more particularly the inhabitants of Limpopo. It is additionally apparent that there are fluctuating fundamental reasons for floods I South Africa. Places close to the flood occasion are the most powerless to the threats of the floods. Nearness of these spots and neediness were recognized just like the primary driver of defenselessness of individuals

Law Of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.List and clarify quickly every one of the parts required to show that a coupling contract exists?2.Does an agreement must be recorded as a hard copy to be authoritative? In your answer clarify whether this is the situation, and further whether it is a smart thought to placed an understanding in writing?3.What is a conventional agreement? Clarify the conventions of such an agreement and give two examples?4.A gathering of companions meet for a customary beverage at a lodging each Friday night. Each contributes $2 towards a gathering lottery ticket, which is drawn throughout the end of the week by Lotto organization. One of the gathering is given the job of really purchasing the organization ticket. When in reality a triumphant ticket is drawn for the gathering the buyer of the ticket guarantees the course of action is simply social and there is no plan whereby he needs to share the prize. Examine this issue regarding contract law?5.Why is it significant under law to recognize a gathe ring who is a specialist for a head, from that of a self employed entity? In your answer clarify the legitimate ramifications of every relationship? Answers: 1. There are sure components, the nearness of which transforms an understanding into an agreement. Because of this explanation, it has been said that all substance are understandings, however all understandings can't be depicted as agreements. Thusly, if every one of these components are available in the event of an understanding, such understanding transforms into an agreement that is lawfully official for the gatherings. These components incorporate the prerequisite that one gathering should make a proposal to the next. Be that as it may, an offer can likewise be made to a gathering of people or even to the entire world (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, 1892). Likewise, the offer should be acknowledged by the other party (Harvey v. Facey, 1893). The acknowledgment ought to be unequivocal. On the off chance that new terms are presented while tolerating the offer, such acknowledgment is anything but a legitimate acknowledgment and it adds up to a counteroffer (Hyde v Wrench, 1840). Another necessity is of the nearness of thought. Thought can be depicted as the cost paid by the gatherings consequently of the guarantee made by another gathering. It isn't vital that the thought it generally presented as cash (Chapple v Nestle, 1959). Essentially it is additionally necessitated that the gatherings ought to have the goal of going into a legitimate relationship. This necessity recognizes a lawfully enforceable agreement from a straightforward guarantee made in family or social setting. Accordingly, a few guarantees made to relatives or companions and so forth are not enforceable by law. The gatherings to the understanding ought to likewise have the lawful ability to go into the agreement. It is additionally significant that the gatherings entered an agreement after they have appropriately comprehended the provisions of the agreement. The assent of the gatherings ought not be started by factors like undue impact, extortion or coercion. In such cases the agreement may get illicit and void. Hence the components that are essential for the development of a substantial agreement are:- offer: one gathering should make a proposal to other. An offer likewise should be recognized from a simple greeting to treat, for instance, an ad. Acknowledgment: the offer should be acknowledged by the gathering to whom it was made. In the event that any new terms are presented while tolerating the offer, such acknowledgment isn't substantial, and it is considered as a counteroffer. The impact of making a counteroffer is that the first offer can never again be acknowledged. Thought: fixation can be depicted as the cost paid by the gatherings consequently of the guarantee that hosts been made by the other get-together. There are sure guidelines related with thought. For instance, past thought isn't treated as a substantial thought (Re McArdle, 1951). Limit: the gatherings ought to have the legitimate limit. For instance, minors, people of unsound brain and bankrupts are not permitted to frame a legitimately enforceable agreement. Commonality of commitments: if there should arise an occurrence of a legitimate agreement, both the gatherings ought to acknowledge the commitments that have been forced on them by the agreement (Pearce v. Creeks, 1866). 2. The law doesn't force any condition as indicated by which a lawfully enforceable agreement ought to consistently be recorded as a hard copy. Subsequently, a substantial agreement can likewise be made orally. Anyway there are sure agreements, which are required to be made recorded as a hard copy. Thus albeit oral agreements are additionally lawfully enforceable yet by and large a trouble emerges in authorizing the provisions of oral agreements. This trouble emerges because of the way that when an agreement hosts been dealt with inadequately by the gatherings, a record is absent in regards to the particulars of the agreement. Thus, it gets hard to build up the details of an oral agreement. Simultaneously, it is additionally essential to know about the kinds of agreement that required by the to be made recorded as a hard copy. For the most part, the agreements that are required by the law to be made recorded as a hard copy incorporate the agreements concerning genuine property, certa in obligations or related with cash over specific sum. Be that as it may, the law doesn't necessitate that every single agreement ought to be made by the gatherings recorded as a hard copy. Henceforth, if the components that the need for making a substantial agreement are available, even an oral agreement can be authorized by the law. In this way, while the gatherings went into an exchange in accordance with some basic honesty, however an all around drafted contract that has been diminished to composing is fit for giving the best insurance to the gatherings in the event that a debate emerges between the gatherings. Then again, when a little entirety is engaged with the agreement or, in the event of a basic agreement, the requirement for having a composed agreement is likewise less. Hence, it very well may be said that it isn't fundamental in all cases that a substantial agreement ought to be made recorded as a hard copy. In any case, it is a smart thought to decrease the agreement t o composing, on the grounds that in such a case. It is simpler to set up the legally binding terms. 3.law A proper agreement is an agreement that hosts been made by the gatherings and the report is fixed utilizing the seal of the gatherings (Miller, and Cross, 2012). When contrasted with the circumstance, when the gatherings have gone into a casual agreement, the report isn't marked under seal of the gatherings. In such manner, the seal can be any impression made on the archive by the gatherings to the agreement. Before, for the most part, this was done in wax, which referenced the expectation of the gatherings to be limited by the provisions of the agreement. It likewise should be noticed that the law of agreement gives that lone the gatherings to the fixed records are considered as having certain rights under the agreement. Because of this position, just the gatherings to the agreement are considered by the law as being obligated under the agreement. Be that as it may, nowadays, a large portion of the agreements made between the gatherings are casual agreements. Yet, it should be referenced that the authenticity of the agreement isn't chosen by the reality on the off chance that it is a proper agreement or a casual agreement. In this way in both the cases, an agreement can be legitimately enforceable if the other basic components required for a substantial agreement are available. For the most part, more noteworthy specialists like partnerships or government element into a proper agreement. The previous agreement should be marked under seal. The instances of formal agreements can be given as letter of credit and debatable instrument. 4. Based on the realities that have been given in this inquiry, the issue emerges if the gathering of companions have gone into a lawfully enforceable agreement or in the event that it was only a social understanding, which couldn't be implemented by the law. For this situation, a gathering of companions used to contribute $2 each to buy a lottery ticket. One of the companions was given the duty to really buy a lottery ticket. At the point when the triumphant ticket was bought by them that specific companion would not share the prize cash. He asserted that the gathering of companions didn't have the goal of entering guidelines when they concluded that the prize cash will be circulated among them. In any case, the law of agreement gives in such cases that so as to make a substantial agreement, among different components. It is additionally important that the gatherings to the agreement ought to have the aim of entering legitimate relations (Jones V Padavattan 1969). In this manner in such cases it is vital that the gathering ought to have the expectation that the conditions of the agreement ought to be authorized by the law (Merritt V Merritt, 1970). For this reason, it is necessitated that the agreement ought to be deciphered to offer impact to the aim of the gatherings as it has been referenced in the understanding. So as to accomplish this goal, generally, the court determines the aim of the gatherings objectivity. In this way, for this reason, the court considers the real words that have been utilized in the understanding by the gatherings just as the activities of the gatherings as per the understanding and all the conditions worried about the understanding. On the off chance that it very well may be chosen by any sensible individual, regularly considering all the above realities that the gatherings expected to make a lawfully enforceable agreement, the court will uphold the particulars of such an agreement. The plain significance rule is likewise utilized by the courts in such manner. Along these lines, this standard gives that if a reasonable and unequivocal agreement exists, such agreement will be implemented by the courts. The plain significance of the particulars of the agreement as referenced in the authoritative record will be thought of and the court won't think about any extraneous proof or decipher the language of the agreement. Under these conditions, for this situation additionally, a gathering of companions had contributed $2 each for buying a lottery ticket. This plainly shows for this situation, the gathering of companions had the expectation of going into a legitimate agreement that can be upheld by the law. In this manner, they planned that the prize cash would be disseminated among every one of them regardless of whether one individual has

Views of Abdul Hamid II on politics and religion

When Abdul took over force, the European nations had just affected the Ottoman Empire with secularization occurring in numerous segments of the region including legislative issues and culture of the individuals. Be that as it may, he promptly canceled the western culture by pushing for all Muslims and in any event, for non-Muslims to go along with them into one Islamic state.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Views of Abdul Hamid II on legislative issues and religion explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More He had eager destinations by joining the Muslims since he had wanted to them and the religion to empower him increase political powers particularly over the European powers, for example, Russia. For example, Abdul underlined on balance of Russia’s endeavors to impact the Balkans to liberate themselves from the Ottoman realm and join Christianity. Be that as it may, his endeavors flopped the same number of Balkans were lost to the Europeans. He loathed the Europeans and their Christianity with the end goal that he gave the Muslim chiefs more powers so they can have the option to guarantee the Muslim populace from the Europeans. Affected by Abdul, the unconverted Muslims turned out to be increasingly hesitant to join Christianity yet rather upheld Abdul in his political exercises. The nearness of the European countries in the domain turned into a main impetus for Pan-Islamism making it hard for the Europeans to secularize the region. In any case, the king later assumed control over the situation of Caliph as he was so resolved to counter the secularization procedure in his realm. This allowed him the chance to recapture the forces of the Muslim heads that had been lost because of the changes that had occurred before he took over force. Obviously king Abdul loathed secularism n that is the reason he activated all Muslims against it not exclusively to recover their way of life yet additionally to pick up ubiquity politically particularly in the European countries. Relations among Abdul and the European powers The relations between the Ottoman Empire and most European countries was not all that simple yet rather stressed particularly between France, Russia and UK. As he would see it, Abdul requested that his domain be treated as having equivalent forces with these European countries particularly because of its high quantities of Muslims contrasted with Christians. Despite the fact that the ruler saw his realm as present day, the Europeans consistently considered the to be as being ignoble. Be that as it may, Abdul had an alternate assessment of the Germans as he saw them as potential partners to his domain. Abdul in this way built up a decent connection with the Germans as his domain facilitated various German political pioneers a few times and a few Germans were utilized to help in redesign of the realm also with the vast majority of them being relegated to revamp the fund division of the domain. This m ade him to doubt his own one of a kind clergymen and other political pioneers as then again, he advanced German’s companions particularly with the development of railroads to permit availability of the realm and offering credits to the Germans to begin working in the Ottoman Empire. As this companionship proceeded and heightened, Abdul went to the limits of giving Germans the Baghdad railroad which they had continually desired.Advertising Looking for article on asian? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consequence of Abdul’s activities towards Germans was the event of World War I which was encouraged by the openness of the railroad being referred to. Notwithstanding the way that the realm had aligned with German during the war, they were vanquished and this turned into the reason for the empire’s fall during which time it disassembled (Chouinard, 2009, p. 1). Abdul’s clashes with the Armenians E ver since king Abdul took over force, he generally had low assessments of the Armenians as he portrayed them as being from a lesser area which had been blamed for some off-base doings. Under Abdul’s rule, the Armenians couldn't practice their privileges like the other Ottoman regular citizens and this drove a few Armenians particularly the individuals who were living in Europe and Russia to shape affiliation intended to battle for the privilege of their siblings back at home. Abdul even employed a military to manage the Armenians in the manner they needed to including murdering them. He likewise utilized his authorities to persecute the Armenians particularly in tax collection rates. Be that as it may, the Armenians were fruitful in their battle against the sultan’s system which saw Abdul required to consent to an arrangement intended to end the persecution towards the Armenians. In spite of every one of these endeavors by the Armenians, the consented to arrangement wa s, be that as it may, never executed and this made the Armenians accumulate to demand for its usage yet ruler Abdul couldn't permit them so he sent Ottoman police to scatter the group. Not long after this, the Armenian killings happened where countless Armenians were executed. As the empire’s ruler, Abdul II didn't invest amounts of energy to attempt to stop the slaughter and this inability to make a move towards such humankind just as his sentiment towards the Armenians made him an essential suspect in requesting the killings in spite of the fact that there was no demonstrate that he did. This made Abdul show up as a risky professional killer to the Europeans just as a ridiculous ruler to the Armenians. Changes in the Ottoman Empire during Abdul’s decide Despite the way that secularization by the European had just happened when Abdul took over force as the king of the Ottoman Empire, he had the option to get back the forces that the Muslim heads had before the moderni zation. In any case, through his changes, he wrecked the realms money related status leaving no open funds in the treasury something that the Europeans had improved to improve things. Accordingly, national obligations expanded definitely and this constrained him to look for help from outsiders so as to settle the obligations. With time, the empire’s monetary records were offered over to the outsiders who had huge bond partakes in the empire’s revenue.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Views of Abdul Hamid II on governmental issues and religion explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abdul could be supposed to be narrow minded on the grounds that during his progression as the king, he arrived at a point where he decreased the forces of his clergymen to low levels, for example, secretary positions and took the organization of the Ottoman Empire all to himself so he could control the each part of the domain. Therefore, general contradic tions inside the domain expanded particularly with the Armenians and Greeks who lived in the Empire not happy with Abdul’s rule and choices. Because of his longing to have authority over the realm and to acquire another constitution made him free trust in the supporters of changes on the Ottoman naval force and he wound up securing the biggest armada in the Ottoman domain something which caused his region to lose its regions abroad during his time as the king as well as even a while later. Fundamentally, the economy just as the public activity of the Ottoman individuals was crushed during Abdul II’s rule as the ruler of the domain (Ahmed, 2010, p. 1). Reference List Ahmed, N. (2010). Ruler Abdul Hamid II. Recovered from https://historyofislam.com/substance/opposition and-change/ruler abdul-hamid-ii/Chouinard, A. (2009). A reaction to Tanzimat: Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Pan-Islamism. Recovered from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/252/a-reaction to-tanzimat-king abdul-hamid-ii-and-skillet islamism This paper on Views of Abdul Hamid II on governmental issues and religion was composed and put together by client Keith Ashley to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

John Irving, a prayer for owen meany Essay

In the principal section of A Prayer for Owen Meany, John Irving shows a broad, articulate style that depends intensely on rich portrayals to make point by point representations of the New England of his childhood, particularly the title character who rouses him to put stock in God and Christ. Irving’s language all through the section is understandable and his sentences long, maybe to suit his somewhat bounteous, point by point depictions; it is practically rhetorical without being colorful or indulgent, mirroring the way that the storyteller is plummeted from a conspicuous New England family (counting the Puritan serve for whom he is named). He additionally depends intensely on recollections, moving from his memories of Owen to more extensive conversations of his own family and old neighborhood, making a setting for the ensuing activity and in this manner giving his recollections a more profound importance. Also, Irving utilizes Owen as an image of Christ-like godlikeness †the kid is something of a saint for his torment (to be sure, he never tells on his companions for their maltreatment), but he removes the narrator’s mother, anyway inadvertently, by hitting the foul ball that murders the narrator’s mother (henceforth the chapter’s title, â€Å"The Foul Ball†). Irving abstains from sounding silly by utilizing articulate grown-up language, yet he passes on a child’s perspective by talking in a self evident reality path about how he and his companions singled out the fragile, small Owen. He passes on no quick decisions or statements of regret for his activities (undoubtedly, as a youngster he feels no disgrace for it), and he doesn't examine his inspirations. For instance, when Owen offers a shockingly experienced objection about faith gatherings, the storyteller says, â€Å"To these protests, and others like them, I could react just by getting Owen Meany and holding him over my head† (Irving 23), indicating how other kids can't fathom Owen. He likewise infers adults’ idiocy by referencing his absent Sunday teacher and how the police boss and mentor squabble about the ball after his mother’s demise. The writer needs the peruser to comprehend his reality (henceforth the nitty gritty conversations of his town, family, and relationship with Owen) and particularly Owen’s complex job in it. In spite of the fact that he makes reference to his Christianity at the very beginning, the storyteller doesn't lecture or reprove the peruser, conceding that he is a somewhat apathetic Christian yet in addition clarifying that he feels profoundly obligated to him (regardless of Owen’s job in his mother’s demise) and causes the peruser to feel compassion toward the exploited Owen. Irving’s language is lavishly graphic without getting repetitive, and he reviews Owen’s attributes cleverly, particularly his minor size and high-choked voice (Owen’s words consistently show up in capitals). Irving conveys regard for Christianity, yet not for the custom or precept †he concedes his lethargy and calls his methodology â€Å"a church-scavenge faith† (Irving 2). Rather, he trusts in the awesome force directed through Owen, whose knowledge and profound comprehension of God set him apart from his friends. Irving suggests that both the storyteller and New England, in spite of their Puritan past, discover religion unacceptable until Owen shows up, and that Owen has tremendously more potential to impact occasions than is appeared in the main section. All the more unequivocally, he summons New England’s common qualities, particularly the split between insiders (the relatives of Puritans, similar to the storyteller) and untouchables (later appearances, as Owen’s Irish-Catholic family), and Irving contrasts the region’s unforgiving strict past with the narrator’s profound desolateness, for which Owen eventually turns into a cure. In the book’s first part, Irving shows the peruser a rich image of his characters’ world, making the setting in which the narrator’s change from nonbeliever to Christian happens. He presents Owen in a thoughtful light, as an astute yet misled figure whose affliction and generosity bring edification into a milieu that needs it. Irving, John. A Prayer for Owen Meany. New York: Ballantine, 1989.

Interview with an Austrian MIT MBA Student

This interview is the latest in an Accepted.com blog series featuring  interviews with current MBA students, offering readers a behind-the-scenes look at  top MBA programs. And now for a chat with  Christian Marek who is in his final year  at MIT Sloan. Accepted: Wed like to get to know you! Where are you from? Where and what did you study as an undergrad? Do you hold any other degrees? Christian: Originally Im from the scenic Vienna in Austria. There I completed  Bachelors  in Software Engineering and a Masters in Information Systems Management. Because I wanted to immerse  myself even further in the tech industry, I decided to pursue an MBA. Accepted:  Where are you in business school? What year? Christian:  Im currently a second-year MBA student at MIT Sloan and will be graduating June 2015. Accepted:  Why did you choose MIT Sloan? How is it the best program for you? Which other MBA programs had you considered? Christian:  When I chose my MBA program, the primary factors I considered were quality of the school, entrepreneurial ecosystem of the university, school affinity for technology (and data), class size, and location. This lead me to consider MIT Sloan, Berkeley Haas and UCLA Anderson. All programs were almost equally amazing. However, once I saw the MIT campus I knew this was the place to be for me. The geekiness and culture was impossible to match. Coming from an engineering background this is where I wanted to be. Accepted:  Can you share some advice to incoming first year students, to help make their adjustment to b-school easier? What do you wish you wouldve known when you were just starting out? Christian:  Adjusting to b-school is a great  experience  but its definitely challenging there are so many variables. Being an international student adds an additional challenge as it takes some time to get used to local communication style and culture. Here are a few things that make the adjustment easier: †¢ Keep reaching out after your acceptance: The MBA years are among the best in your life. Having a rough sense of what you want to get out of the MBA is really helpful. Obviously as an incoming student you do your research online. Additionally, I recommend reaching out to a variety of current MBAs at your school that are doing what you are looking to do. This should be even easier after acceptance. For example if youre interested in entrepreneurship try to talk to a club VP over the phone. They can tell you if the club a good choice for your, help develop your interest further and intro you the others who might have similar interests. †¢   Attend post-admission events: I find that the admission events (weekends, seminars, etc.) I attended really helped me in making my decision. You get to know your potential future classmates. Doing so, lets you figure out if youre kind of on the same wavelength and even find roommates. Furthermore the schools will showcase what the programs have too offer in even greater detail. †¢   MBA communication classes: These classes are amazingly helpful, especially for international students. As I said communication in the U.S. can seem very different. The communication classes at Sloan taught me a lot about American communication standards in business personal interactions. Accepted:  Are you involved in any clubs on campus? How central to student life is club involvement? Christian:  Im a co-president of the European Business Club at MIT Sloan and I really enjoy the experience. However,  I think club involvement is a personal choice. I know classmates who are members in up to eight clubs and I know classmates who are in zero clubs. Some classmates are VPs and presidents, others just arent. Personally, I think clubs can offer a lot of value in terms of making friends, finding classmates with common interests and taking on leadership opportunities. Just like everything in life it helps aligning your decision on the extent of your club involvement to what you want to accomplish. If you want to be an entrepreneur, joining the Entrepreneurship club makes sense. If you want to do something for the overall community, join a culture club. See if you like it and then you can typically still decide whether or not to go for a VP position. Accepted: Can you tell us about your internship at Google last summer? What role did Sloan play in helping you secure that position?   Christian:  My internship at Google last summer was amazing. The internship program is run by an amazing team at Google that makes the experience at Google unique. On a weekly basis leaders in the organization gave us their inside scoop on leadership and the tech industry. Google offers a variety of MBA internship roles. Over the summer you take responsibility for executing your very own project. Sloan helped in a variety of ways. First, the internal network at Sloan is extremely helpful to learn about a company. As I was in the internship recruiting process, I reached out to former Googlers and former Google MBA interns at Sloan. They were extremely  helpful in telling me about their experiences at Google. Second, the various clubs at Sloan help you with the internship process by doing resume reviews among other things. Coming from Europe, I found this particularly helpful because the U.S. job application process is very different. Third, the MIT Sloan Career Development office collaborates closely with Google to host coffee chats and recruiting events. In that way Sloan MBA students can connect directly to Googlers to learn more about the company and the internship. Accepted:  Looking back, what was the most challenging aspect of the MBA admissions process? How did you approach that challenge and overcome it? Christian:  For me personally the most challenging part getting connected to the schools. I was the first in my network to pursue an MBA. However,  from reading  online  I got the sense that insights from current students are extremely valuable to the application. Even though the notion of writing cold emails was completely foreign to me, I researched Europeans (particularly Austrians) that were attending my target schools. I was surprised how quickly they responded. Even though arranging these chats and conversations was a lot of work, I do believe building those connections contributed to my admission offers. Talking to current students is irreplaceable and it helps you get a feel for the school. Accepted: Do you have any other advice for our med school applicant readers, especially for international applicants? Christian: 1. Connect to your target school: Your future school is probably a couple thousand kilometers away. Still connecting to current students is the best way to learn about your school. 2. Make a well-rounded application package: Show who you are personally and  professionally. Ideally youll be able to tie this to together and paint your future to the  reader. Also, use data points to quantify the impact you had. I think for internationals (or at least Europeans) this is particularly unusual. Still, you need to get over it and do it. For one-on-one guidance on your b-school applications, please see our MBA Application Packages.   You can follow  Christian  on  Twitter  and  by checking out his blog  Producteria. Thank you Christian  for sharing your story with us – we wish you loads of luck! Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  Navigate the MBA Maze †¢ MIT Sloan 2015 Executive MBA Essay Tips Deadlines †¢ IV With an Overrepresented Minority MIT Sloan Admit!

Development Organization to Manage More Efficiently - 550 Words

Helping a Small Development Organization to Manage Volunteers More Efficiently (Essay Sample) Content: Helping a Small Development Organization Manage Volunteers More Efficiently(Name of Student)(Name of University)Helping a Small Development Organization Manage Volunteers More EfficientlyIntroductionSmall development organizations that are working for the social welfare of people are specifically responsible for the improvement of society. A number of organizations are working to achieve different social welfare objectives and functions. For this research, the writer has considered different small developing organizations that are working for the improvement of South African areas. Most important asset or property of the non-profit organization is the number and dedication of volunteer that are willing to work on different projects for the non-profit organization. Research shows that there are different smaller developing organizations facing the problem of volunteer retention and research objected to finding major reasons and solution for these problems.The research articles objective is to solve the problem of volunteer management in small organizations that can help in increasing the efficiency and performance of the organization. In this article, the writer has addressed major reasons and causes that create a problem in retention and satisfaction of volunteer that work for the non-profit organization. With the help of this research, the writer has presented different techniques and methods used to increase the volunteer management of small organization by facilitating the volunteer in their schedule of working. Main ideas that are present here are the multi-criteria volunteer scheduling model and reducing the cost of scheduling.Problem and ContextThe main area of the problem that has addressed in this article is the problems of volunteer management in small welfare organization. Most of the organizations that are working for development and social benefit of the South American countries are facing the issue of volunteer management. This pro blem is increasing because the organization is not giving a proper and manageable schedule to their volunteers. Thus, because of the miss- management in volunteer working, the organization is facing challenges to perform its social activities and execution of different welfare programs CITATION Mau11 \l 1033 (Mauro Falasca, 2011).On the sub level, it has found out that the problems of volunteer management and volunteer retention are increasing in developing organization, mainly because of the traditional or manual scheduling methods used by the organization. For most of the organizations studied or observed in the research, the use of traditional and manual scheduling methods for volunteers is predominant. These traditional scheduling methods create challenges for employees, and affect the long-term retention of volunteers.The second area of concern that the research revealed for the small developing organization is the increasing number of unfilled shifts and undesired projects in these organizations. The research study has focused on addressing the problems and issues of a welfare organization on a common level. Main facts and data collected for completing the research problem is the field of study of labor scheduling from different non-profit organizations. The problem of scheduling has address after analyzing the facts and data from a field study of different small developing organizations.Area of the problem that this article discusses is the common problem of different small developing organizations that are not working for profit earning. This problem mainly faced by the organization that is working on a small scale because they lack proper budget management and use of advance and digital technologies to perform their actions. It is one of the areas of concern that the study for the small nonprofit organization because these organizations usually work with traditional and manual techniques of doing functions. It is the important area of discussion beca use the small-scale non-profit organization can use this approach for improving their efficiency and volunteer management.Analysis and ApproachIn this article, the writer has focused on the primary analysis and directly works with different small non-profit organizations to evaluate their area of the problem in volunteer management. Based on research, main approach or way that has suggested, as the solution is to overcome the inefficiency and drawbacks of volunteer scheduling. Previous volunteer scheduling that followed by the organization not given time relaxation and many options to volunteer and thus the job was becoming challenging for the volunteer. The writer used the approach of multi-criteria scheduling model to increase the volunteer retention in the organization CITATION Mau11 \l 1033 (Mauro Falasca, 2011).The new scheduling approach is the focus of this article that so meant to present the solution of problems faced by small developing organizations. Small welfare organi zation that considered for this research have 20 to 25 active volunteer that are willing to work on different projects. Manual scheduling method that the organization uses to manage the time and working with these 20 to 25 active volunteer in the organization was outdated, and it was one of the major reason that increases the number of undesired projects and unfilled shifts in the organization CITATION Mau11 \l 1033 (Mauro Falasca, 2011).To test the efficiency of the new approaches, the writer uses the comparison techniques with old manual scheduling model of organization. Labor scheduling is one of the most important approach and technique that have considered for this research paper. Labor scheduling is one of the most important areas of volunteer management in welfare organizations because it can directly relate to the satisfaction and work with volunteers in these organizations. In this article, the writer has given a special preference to study the previous working schedule a nd conditions of different organizations so they can use practical approaches to find the solution of the problem.There are different objects and details that are set with the research approach of the article to find the solution to the problem. The performance of spreadsheet-based optimization model FCFS is the dominant approach and design used to overcome the problem and it has considered with different expected outcomes. These outcomes are set as the basic objects of this approach used in this article, 1 First, expected outcome of this approach is to reduce to control the number of increasing undesired project and unfilled shifts in one organization. Volunteer retention and increasing contribution of the volunteer in projects of the organization is the basic factor that can ensure the development and progress of the welfare organization CITATION Mau11 \l 1033 (Mauro Falasca, 2011). 2 Second expected outcome of the considered approach is the control of scheduling cost. It is cons idered one of the most important focuses of research because it is important for the small developing organization to reduce their expenses. In this article, a writer so objected to finding the solution approach that can be helpful to solve the area of problem and can cut the scheduling cost of the organization. In this way, the analysis and approach of the article that is the performance of spreadsheet-based optimization model FCFS can bring double folded benefit to the welfare organization. 3 On the last, the basic outcome that we expect from the solution of the performance of spreadsheet-based optimization model FCFS is the reduction in a shortage of labor in the organization. Basic philosophy that has focused on this research is to provide more option and time relaxation to volunteer so they can easily manage the welfare activities with their other engagement CITATION Mau11 \l 1033 (Mauro Falasca, 2011).They are the basic objectives of research that the writer focuses. Overall, research objected to increasing the efficiency of welfare organization by increasing their working and ...

Nike Case Analysis - 930 Words

NIKE ANALYSIS The Weight Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is the firm’s cost of capital. We can think of WACC as an average representing the expected return on all of the companies’ securities. It is an extremely important number for both corporations and usually financials advisors. Corporations use this number as a minimum for evaluating their capital projects or investments. So if for example the WACC of a firm is 10% and the return on investing in a project is 4.5%, then the company would not invest in that particular project. The company in this particular scenario would at least have to get a return of 10% or more to invest in a project. I agree with Johanna Cohen’s estimates as she did the calculations right because I went over†¦show more content†¦The price earnings ratio is the one I liked the most. It shows the measure of the price paid for a share of Nike stock relative to the net income earned by the company. I would recommend that the Nike sto ck should be expressed as a hold because its net income is quite small compared to the revenue it earns. Nike’s cost of goods sold is extremely high, even when they make most of their products overseas in third world countries. Their revenue growth has also drastically slowed down only from five years ago when they had a growth rate of 35.9% in 1995 and 42% in 1996. The past four years Nike had an average growth rate of revenue at 0.975%, which is less than 1%. For a company the size of Nike and the previous large growth it had, something might have been wrong. Their net income,has also as a percentage gone down. 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Nike’s Brand image in the US: Brand image is the impression in the consumers mind of a brands total personality (real and imaginary qualities and shortcomings). It is set of feelings, emotions and experiences that are linked to the brand. While brand personality is the image the company wantsRead MoreThe Case Of Nike : Review Analysis1334 Words   |  6 Pages Case of Nike: Review Analysis 3 Over the decades, globalization, where economic integration across border allow businesses to expand beyond their domestic boundaries. (Malamud, V. Rotenberg, Y. (2010)); has become a phenomenon that is seen across the globe. Businesses large and both small are able to compete, produce, and sell their products without limits to either demographic or geographic factors. 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So Nike contracted with many athletes spokesperson, professional teams and college athletic teams to advertise and promote their products to customers. One renowned example of Nike marketing strategy

The Cornerstone Of Nursing Practice - 1532 Words

As far back as Florence Nightingale, professionalism and ethics have been the cornerstone of nursing practice. â€Å"Ethical values and practices are the foundation upon which moral actions in professional practice are based† ( LaSala Bjarnason, 2010). Core professional nursing values (CPNV) are taught and instructed upon in nursing programs. This paper will explore and define the CPNV of altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity, and social justice. Although these values are all individual characteristics, I will show that they are all intertwined in the path of care that an ethical practicing nurse walks every day with her patients, without even thinking about it. â€Å"Altruism refers to the concern for the welfare and well being of others† (Shaw Degazon, 2008, p.45). It is the ability to be selfless. A nurse demonstrating the CPNV of altruism is able to show compassion and empathy for all; regardless of age, culture, sex, or economic background of patient. Examples of true altruism are holding the hand of the dying regardless of disease or helping the mother of a dying child say goodbye. It is kindness to family and patients, providing support to all. Altruism is what some describe as the â€Å"calling† of being a nurse. It is the giving of self to your patients, family, community and to the profession. As nurses help others they will be faced with many decisions that are very difficult. According to American Society of Registered Nurses (2007), â€Å"ProfessionalShow MoreRelatedCareer Path For Nursing At Hospice Facility971 Words   |  4 PagesIn any healthcare profession there is a need for compassion, perseveranc e and continuous education. Eventually, my goal is to pursue a career in nursing at hospice facility. Thus far, I have gained a lot of experience in the healthcare field as a surgical technician. This experience will be very imperative to my nursing career path. During my experience as a surgical technician I had to properly care for patients, be knowledgeable of several medical procedures, and be CPR certified. Caring forRead MoreA Brief Note On Patient Safety And Quality Of Care1719 Words   |  7 PagesFalls in the Psychiatric Unit In nursing, â€Å"patient safety and quality of care are two of the main cornerstones of nursing practice† (Hunt, 2012). It is the nurse’s responsibility to make every effort to provide a safe environment and care for patients without making errors. In an effort to keep patients’ safety intact, â€Å"The Joint Commission and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality developed standards for healthcare organizations to employ in an effort to reduce the number of errors† (HuntRead MoreThe History of Nursing Worksheet961 Words   |  4 PagesPublications First publication date and importance to nursing research: Nursing Research First published: 1952 (Burns Grove, 2011). 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Nurses who graduate from an accredited Baccalaureate program helps to promote,Read MoreNursing and Health Care1204 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Institute of Medicine on Nursing Ermina Rosic Grand Canyon University: NRS-430V December 14, 2014 The Institute of Medicine Report On Future of Nursing The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is a national, independent, non-profit organization whose purpose is to provide guidance, advice, and analysis of the field of medicine. The recent IOM report regarding the future of nursing gives us a glimpse of the dynamic and progressive changes that the field of nursing will experience in the coming decadeRead MoreA Personal Story of Nursing Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesStory of Nursing Knowing: Knowing, My Experience A Personal Story of Nursing Knowing In this paper I would like to discuss important interactions I had with different nursing staffs and how these nurses showed esthetics knowing and personal knowing in the treatment of my grandmother and how these two patterns of knowing are intertwined. This hospital experience and the nursing I witnessed has definitely impacted me and has guided me to where I am today in the nursing programRead MoreJean Watsons Theory Of Human Caring1081 Words   |  5 PagesFlorence Nightingale, nursing is a lifetime journey of caring and healing, seeking to understand and preserve the wholeness of human existence, and to offer compassionate, informed, knowledgeable human caring to society and humankind.† – Jean Watson Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring was developed between 1975 and 1979 as â€Å"an attempt to bring meaning and focus to nursing as an emerging discipline and distinct health profession with its own unique values, knowledge, and practices, with its own ethicRead MoreNurse : A Nurse As A Person Who Is Trained For Care For Sick Or Injured People?1118 Words   |  5 PagesNurse Merriam- Webster (n.d) describes a nurse as: a person who is trained to care for sick or injured people and who usually works in a hospital or doctor s office. This definition is a limited view of nursing means; a nurse is more than just a trained person that takes cares of a sick person (Nurse, n.d). What are the specific responsibilities for the role of the RN? †¢ Looks at health history of a patient and takes vital signs- during the start of a visit the nurse may have you fill out a questionerRead MoreNursing Professionalism And The Profession Of Nursing1308 Words   |  6 Pages Nursing, at its inception, was a service provided mostly by women. Far from a profession, it was considered a vocation; often a mere extension of the wife/mother role. Nurses were perceived as servants to the physicians with little power or ability to function independently. The predominant male presence in medicine, lack of formal education offered to nurses, and the subservient nature of the work significantly hindered its professionalization. Over time, as educational standards were createdRead MoreThe Importance Of Patient Safety And Accurate Reporting1067 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility of the nurse to practice safe patient care and have responsible knowledge of medications. All too often, however, medication errors do occur. Over 733 nurse s surveyed in a study by Urima University of Medical Sciences, have exposed the occurrences of medication errors, the reasons that these errors transpired, and how they feel they could have been prevented. Along with making the actual errors, reporting them is also a major barrier to safe, honest nursing care. The importance of patient

Essay on Exploring the Autobiography of Malcom X - 1068 Words

We declare our right on this earth...to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence by any means necessary. These words were spoken by Malcolm X, a civil rights leader and political activist. He is also the main character, narrator, and author of the Autobiography of Malcolm X. The autobiography takes place in various cities in the United States, such as Omaha, New York, and Detroit, as well as the Middle East, and Africa. Considering the type of literature this is, it is obvious to state that Malcolm X is the main character. Malcolm X, as a child, was intelligent and popular amongst his friends. He had†¦show more content†¦She was conceived with Malcolm when she was raped by a white man who she never knew, and stayed at home to cook and clean, despite being able to find work by passing as a white woman due to her fair skin color. Malcolm was soon born, and 4 years later, the family moved to Lansing, Michigan, in 1929. Their house was burned down by the KKK, and Malcolm had witnessed it. He said that it taught him one of many things he was soon to learn about being black in America. The next year, a group of white men who are in opposition of his fathers work kill him. The insurance company refuses to cover the familys losses, because they ruled his death as a suicide. Malcolms mother is soon sent to a mental hospital, and he went to stay with a white foster family. Before long, Malcolm drops out of high school, and goes to Boston and New York, where he hustled, and was soon arrested. It was in prison where Malcolm educated himself, and learned of Elijah Muhammad, and his organization: the Nation of Islam. Malcolm is fascinated by the teachings of the group, and has great respect for them and Muhammad. He then converted religions, and, once out of prison, became a Minister in the NOI. It was Muhammad who gave Malcolm the legendary X, in place of Little, which was his slave name. Malcolm preached his beliefs, and was soon known for his speeches against the white man, on blackShow MoreRelatedMaya Angelou Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pagesalso acts as a spokesperson for black pride and heritage (St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture). Although she speaks for people of color, her messages of hope and strength appeal to people of all ages and races. Angelou is best known for her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, in which she recalls herself as a young African American girl finding self-confidence in a highly prejudice world.   Maya Angelou’s work should still be taught in schools today because of her focus on civil rights

Good And Evil In Rudolfo Anayas Bless Me Utiima - 1116 Words

Revenge is often a prominent element present in numerous plots. Characters like Heathcliff or Chillingworth have sought retribution in the strongest ways against those who have wronged them. In Rudolfo Anaya’s novel Bless Me Ultima the concept of revenge also plays a hefty role. Through the eyes of Antonio, a young boy who starts making inquiries about the world, the audience can make a connection between the forces of good and evil. In order to show that life is more complicated than the two categories, Anaya uses the contrasts of the characters Ultima and Tenorio in a battle of revenge to show that the line between good and evil does not always exist. In the novel, the character Ultima was overall considered good by Antonio; however,†¦show more content†¦(Anaya 134). Ultima takes the saying â€Å"eye for an eye† quote quite literal. That being said, this goes back to Antonio’s grasp on forgiveness. If Ultima was purely good, she would not have taken revenge on the Trementios. She played the part of karma herself, which then spiraled into more hate between Ultima and Tenorio. In contrast to Ultima, Tenorio is often regarded as evil without the need for much thought. After murdering Narciso, Tenorio did not receive a kind penalty for his actions. The townspeople simply dismissed Narciso’s death because he â€Å"was the town drunk† so he â€Å"had died during one of his drinks† (Anaya 177). Due to this character, Antonio realized that life is not always fair. From Antonio’s perspective, Tenorio did not deserve forgiveness for killing Narciso. Antonio became biased for obvious reasons; however, he overlooked the justification for Tenorio’s forgiveness. Like Narciso, the deaths of Tenorio’s daughters were left unpunished. Tenorio was also described as â€Å"an evil man† by Antonio’s mother before his character was properly introduced (Anaya 89). Despite labeling him that, an explanation for why he is evil is never provided by her. Tenorio was called evil, but for what reasons? Is it just simply because he is in a family of witches? While his actions can register as wicked, his intentions for revenge against Ultima are regarded as good. Ultima was responsible for why â€Å"Tenorio’s daughter died† because of â€Å"Ultima’s

Sun Little violet with color of the heaven, Why are your tender petals so sadly fallen on the ground Essay Example For Students

Sun: Little violet with color of the heaven, Why are your tender petals so sadly fallen on the ground? Essay Sun: Little violet with color of the heaven, Why are your tender petals so sadly fallen on the ground? Doesnt anyone forget to water you, my heaven? It seems you feel yourself not very soundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Violet: Because I miss him à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" my dandelion; Can I survive with thoughts that were apart? My world is going crazy on and on, Without him I think Ill break apart. Sun: Girl, listen to me carefully now, So, dont you mean, he doesnt think of you at all? You arent right. Just tell me how Could you put up between yourselves that wall? He loves you, violet, no matter of his silence ever, Look for its meaning, and dont care of words, You both dont need them till forever, Bring outside the feeling if it hurts. Violet: Wish I was sure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" you said is really truth, Wish I could still bring back all that I loose, Hope, they are right the thing I chooseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The times for me à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and I will use. Ill try to do my best to bring him back, I know, my darlings thinking for the sameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And suddenly a down in the air Appearedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ violet looked upwards. The down fell to stem of herà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dandelion, so did you hurt?

Brief Summary of the Harlem Renaissance. Essay Example For Students

Brief Summary of the Harlem Renaissance. Essay Harlem Renaissance Variously known as the New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance, the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late asses, and then faded in the mid-asses. The Harlem Renaissance marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously and that African American literature and arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large. Although it was primarily a literary movement, it was closely related to developments in African American music, heater, art, and politics. BEGINNINGS The Harlem Renaissance emerged amid social and intellectual upheaval in the African American community in the early 20th century. Several factors laid the groundwork for the movement. A small black middle class had developed by the turn of the century, fostered by increased education and employment opportunities following the American Civil War (1861-1865). During a phenomenon known as the Great Migration, hundreds of thousands of black Americans moved from an economically depressed rural South to industrial cities of the North to take advantage f the employment opportunities created by World War l. As more and more educated and socially conscious blacks settled in New Works neighborhood of Harlem, it developed into the political and cultural center of black America. Equally important, during the asses a new political agenda advocating racial equality arose in the African American community, particularly in its growing middle class. Championing the agenda were black historian and sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which was founded in 1909 to advance the rights of blacks. This agenda was also reflected in the efforts of Jamaican-born black nationalist Marcus Graver, whose Back to Africa movement inspired racial pride among working-class blacks in the United States in the asses. African American literature and arts had begun a steady development Just before the turn of the century. In the performing arts, black musical theater featured such accomplished artists as songwriter Bob Cole and composer J. Roseland Johnson, brother of writer James Weldon Johnson. Jazz and blues music moved with black populations from the South and Midwest into the bars and cabarets of Harlem. In literature, the poetry of Paul Laurence Dunbar and the fiction of Charles W. Senescent in the late asses were among the earliest works of African Americans to receive national recognition. By the end of World War I the fiction of James Weldon Johnson and the poetry of Claude McKay anticipated the literature that would follow in the asses by describing the reality of black life in America and the struggle for racial In the early asses three works signaled the new creative energy in African American literature. Mackeys volume of poetry, Harlem Shadows (1922), became one of the first arks by a black writer to be published by a mainstream, national publisher (Harcourt, Brace and Company). Cane (1923), by Jean Toomey, was an experimental novel that combined poetry and prose in documenting the life of American blacks in the rural South and urban North. Finally, There Is Confusion (1924), the first novel by writer and editor Jessie Faucet, depicted middle-class life among black Americans from a womans perspective. With these early works as the foundation, three events between 1924 and 1926 launched the Harlem Renaissance. First, on March 21, 1924, Charles S. Johnson of the National Urban League hosted a dinner to recognize the new literary talent in the black community and to introduce the young writers to New Works white literary establishment. (The National Urban League was founded in 1910 to help black Americans address the economic and social problems they encountered as they resettled in the urban North. ) As a result of this dinner, the Survey Graphic, a magazine of social analysis and criticism that was interested in cultural pluralism, produced a Harlem issue in March 1925. Renaissance Artists And Their Famous Contributions Essay PaperUltimately, the more successful black musicians and entertainers who appealed to a mainstream audience moved their performances downtown. A number of factors contributed to the decline of the Harlem Renaissance by the mid-asses. The Great Depression of the asses increased the economic pressure on all sectors of life. Organizations such as the NAACP and the Urban League, which had actively promoted the Renaissance in the asses, shifted their interests to economic and social issues in the asses. Many influential black writers and literary promoters, including Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Charles S. Johnson, and Du Bois, left New York City in the early asses. Finally, the Harlem Riot of 1935set off in part by the growing economic hardship of the Depression and mounting tension between the black community and the white shop-owners in Harlem who profited from that community-shattered the notion of Harlem as the Mecca of the New Negro. In spite of these problems the Renaissance did not disappear overnight. Almost one-third of the books published during the Renaissance appeared after 1929. In the last analysis, the Harlem Renaissance ended when most of those associated with it left Harlem or stopped writing. Among the new young artists who appeared in the asses and asses, social realism replaced modernism and primitivism as the dominant mode of expression. The Harlem Renaissance changed forever the dynamics of African American arts and literature in the United States. The writers that followed in the asses and asses found that publishers and the public were more open to African American literature than they had been at the beginning of the century. Furthermore, the existence of he body of African American literature from the Renaissance inspired writers such as Ralph Ellison and Richard Wright to pursue literary careers in the late asses and the asses, even if they defined themselves against the ideology and literary practices of the Renaissance. The outpouring of African American literature of the asses and asses by such writers as Alice Walker and Toni Morrison also had its roots in the writing of the Harlem Renaissance. The influence of the Harlem Renaissance was not confined to the United States. Writers McKay, Hughes, and Culled, actor and musician Paul Robes, dancer Josephine Baker, and others traveled to Europe and attained a popularity abroad that rivaled or surpassed what they achieved in the United States. The founders of the NÂ ©gratitude movement in the French Caribbean traced their ideas directly to the influence of Hughes and McKay. South African writer Peter Abrahams cited his youthful discovery of The New Negro as the event that turned him toward a career as a writer. For thousands of blacks around the world, the Harlem Renaissance was proof that the white race did not hold a monopoly on literature and culture.

Soft system and social technical approaches

Abstract Scientific research has been evolving at an increasingly alarming rate. This has been triggered by the requirement of research community to provide significant answers to what seems as complex and disorderly world problematic situations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Soft System and Social Technical Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this effect, scientists feel obligated to conduct an interdisciplinary research project aimed at increasing knowledge in all the disciplines (Bandura 2002). Such research projects are aimed at attending to the challenges the globalizations and advancement in technology present to the users and consumers of information. The accuracy, integrity, and accessibility of information have become one of the fundamental issues that such research aims at addressing. The issues of integrity of information usage and the security of information is becoming an essentiality. The design of the information system should be able to address the challenges such as the ethical issues that have become a major headache to the researchers in the information and technology field. The ability to present a system that addressed such challenges will be an enormous milestone in addressing the challenges of the time and age. Introduction With various factors contributing to any issues in the current world, such variations make the world more complex and disorganized. There is need for an amicable approach in addressing and resolving such issues. It is never straightforward the case of identifying the root cause of the problem or diagnosing the problem instantly. With so much confusion often-surrounding problems, it may seem impossible to determine an appropriate solution. In order to resolve such issues, a problem-solving approach is paramount. Moreover, the approaches should be able to take various dimensions of the issue into account. This may entail the clearly und erstanding what is happening and strategies or brainstorm of the possible mechanism of addressing the issue or improving the situation. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is one of the approaches (Bandura 2002). Soft system methodolgy Soft Systems Methodology is a product of the continuing Action Research of Prof Peter Checkland, Brian Wilson plus other researchers. It is a guideline tool to problem-solving. The effort was in recognition of the fact that not all problems are obvious and neither do they have a predictable solution.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Common misunderstandings have emerged where the method has been viewed as planned to solve soft problems such as problems involving the social and cultural aspects. On the contrary, the concept applies to both hard and soft problems. The methodology, however adopts a different approach in every problematic situation. The ‘hardness ’ or ‘softness’ is not n innate characteristic of the perceived problem, instead it relates to how the problem is viewed by those involved in seeking the solution (Checkland 1985). Each and every problematic situation comprise of both soft and hard aspects. A problem becomes a problem boy the virtue of being viewed as such by human beings. This can be equated to such a saying that â€Å"one man’s poison is another man’s meat†. Current explanations and issues relating to soft system Developed in 1970 by Peter Checkland with his colleagues, Soft systems methodology (SSM) was designed to provide interventions in the challenges experienced in management, organizational and policy contexts. The methodology comes in handy especially where neither the problems nor the answers are obvious. It is closely related to the engineering system approaches. However, unlike the engineering system, it recognizes the central importance of perspective or world-vi ew in social situations. The approach is different from the ‘systems science’ approaches that was advanced in the 1960s, and reflects more on action research in its philosophy and approach. SSM is different from approaches of hard systems through its mode of dealing with the system concept. According to hard system approach, a ‘system’ is regarded as ontological entity-entities or objects that exist in the real world. For instance, when one talks of objects such as computer system or transport system, they mean physical things which can be described officially as well as structured to meet a certain need. SSM, on the other hand, regards the concept of ‘system’ as an epistemological entity and not ontological entity- a construction of the mind that aids in human understanding. When we are looking at an organization as a system, for instance, the things that come in our minds include the activities that take place within that company. We think of the process of converting some raw materials into given finished products; we also think of the efforts to make profits; we also get a mental picture of a number of employees as holders of different positions within the organization. As for the case for the unemployed young graduates, they would look at the organization as a potential employer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Soft System and Social Technical Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, different people will have varied perceptions over a given organization. It is not possible for us to provide a given single instruction as either right or wrong while there are other different to understand what is going on in the environment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the perceptions and values of different individuals to get a clear picture of what concerns them within a given system. While trying to understand a production company, as a system, for example, we are conscious of the process of conversion of raw materials into the product. The system would therefore be composed of such stakeholders as suppliers of raw material, sugar-cane farmers, for example. We would also have customers to purchase the manufactured products. When looking at an organization whose sole objective is to create jobs for the locals, the system would constitute a different set of elements. In this case we would be interested in the infrastructure such as improved market infrastructures to enable farmers sell their farm produce. Improved transport system would also be of importance to allow for easy movement of people and the goods. A reliable communication network to allow timely flow of information would also be of significance. Boundary lines that are different have been drawn basing on different perceptions of people on what they perceive as the system. The development of SSM was influenced by the need to find solutions to complex situations where the problem to be solved is not clear; and the affected group of people hold different understanding of what constitutes the problem and the possible solution. For instance how to improve farm productivity by intensifying the use of chemical fertilizers at the same time conserving the environment; also how to realize industrialization without adversely affecting the environment in terms of pollution. A society may also be faced with a challenge of how to deal with youth gangs, who pose a threat to the community or drug abusers. The approach to solving such challenges may take many dimensions. However, instead of solving the problem, some proposed option may actually worsen the situation. There is need to take a close look at the wider situation and the likely consequences of choosing any given approach.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is so because, some situations are intertwined; changing one element may have knock-on effects on other aspects. A comprehensive understanding of the relationships that exist amongst situations is paramount. The role of SSM is to offer users with a guideline in developing an improved understanding of the complexity of situations’. Processes SSM is characterized by seven stages as follows: 1) Identification of the problematic situation that requires intervention. 2). Conducting a comprehensive research so to capture the bigger picture. 3) Perspective selection and a construction of root definitions (the major processes that need to occur within the desired system). 4) Conceptualization of a change system model. 5) Comparison of the model with the real-world situation. 6) Definitions of the changes to be made. Review of literature It is necessary to integrate our understanding and modeling over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales in order to address complex societa l and environmental Challenges. This calls for an increase in the level of societal meaningful Science (Lubchenco 2008). System based approaches have been critical in trying to understand humanity and our interactions with the external environment. Ludwig Von Bertalanffy is recognized for his major breakthrough in systems based approaches in the early twentieth century (Lubchenco 2008). Ludwig Von (Biologist) together with Kenneth Boulding (economist), Ralph Gerard (biologist), and Anatol Rapoport (mathematician) further developed a ‘General systems theory’ aimed at addressing the requirement for a more integrated approach to solving societal problems. This led to the birth of Society for General Systems Research in 1954 whose name later changed to the â€Å"International Society for Systems Science (Sage 1992). According to Checkland, in using a â€Å"Participative Approach† stakeholders are most likely to reach accommodations – a common understanding on how to address a given problematic situation. Through such approach, the company can adopt changes that are agreeable to all the stakeholders. The model of allowing all idea(accommodation) is not same as agreement. â€Å"Consensus involves a complete agreement among the stakeholders that the proposed changes best serve all of their needs. The notion of accommodation on the other hand, recognizes that this is an uncommon state of affairs† (Schlager 1956, p. 54), and consequently values that a lot of time different people requires can only be to some extent met by cooperative schemes. SSM Approach Vs CATWO Checkland proposed a 7-step learning methodology approach. However this was superseded by the CATWO model, developed by Action Research conducted at Lancaster. Despite this, the methodology is still widely used because of its step-wise approach which makes it easy to be taught. In addition, the model has a barrier which runs across it to draw a difference among the 3 stages i.e.between the Real World, above the line, and Systems Thinking. â€Å"CATWO, formulated by The Lancaster team proposes several criteria that should be specified to in order to provide a comprehensive and rigorous root definition† (Schlager 1956, p.54). Clients – Who are gainers or losers of this particular system? (Who would gain or lose as a result its operations?) Actors – all those staff members accountable for putting in practice the systems developed. Transformation – this is quantified based on advancement and changes that the implemented system brings in the organization(What are the contribution essentials and to which extend or in other words what sort of revolution do these input elements undergo before measureable output can be seen). Weltanschauung–also, know as worldview. What explicit worldview offers the rationalization to the being of this structure or system? Owner – Whose mandate is to change this system or review its ove rall performance Environmental constraints – what are the external constraints that should be considered? This type of analysis elucidates the objectives of the user of the methodology. By clearly recognizing these viewpoints, the client of the technique is required to mull over the effects of any anticipated transformations on the group concerned.† Following limitations of ‘hard’ systems including operations research and systems dynamics, Peter Checkland and colleagues developed ‘soft’ system approaches to counteract limitations associated with technical assessments† (Checkland 1985, p. 34). Advantages System approach allows participation by all the relevant actors take part in the problem situation and interact with the analyst. The approach teases out the problem situation, which offers a good ground for creative problem solving. Some problems in real life are not well defined and cannot be solved using scientific methods hence the sys tem approach helps in addressing them. The system approach allows for an iterative process, which allows the analyst to learn about the system and hence know how to go about it. Disadvantages The system approach often ignores power in the organization and this may create in the daily operations. The system relies too much on individuals’ perception and as such, it is fuzzy and cannot be easily applied in practice. Quite often, the system approach may neglect some of the forces that interact in society, such as Social constraints and group norms. The future of integrative systems based studies There is increasing pressure for scientists and policy makers to adopt more integrated and holistic approaches to understanding how we manage systems from the local to global scale. These include 1) advancement in Systems modeling approaches from systems biology to earth systems science. This involves qualitative network models as well as quantitative process/kinetics based approaches (B orgatti, 2009). It is the network models that have the potential to link systems biology, socio-ecological systems, and earth systems science. 2) There has been a continued improvement in data sharing between individual projects and disciplines. This has been easier by introduction of data and meta-data models To increase the sharing of data between individual projects and between disciplines. Examples of these advancements include markup languages e.g. system biology markup language ISO 27001 Current Explanation and Issues Relating to ISO 27001 IT Governance and information security Board corporate governance requirements have in the recent years become increasingly more defined and specific. With information technology becoming pervasive, underpinning and supporting almost every aspect of the organization, manipulation and storing of information on which the organization depends for its survival, the role of IT in corporate governance has become more clearly defined and IT governa nce getting to be more recognized as a crucial area for board and corporate attention. IT governance is specifically concerned with the protection of the information. protection of this information is critical as the organization’s decision is heavily pegged on its availability, confidentiality and integrity. As a result, parallel international standards related to information security have emerged and have become one of the cornerstones of an effective IT governance framework. The information security standards British standard Institution came up with BS7799 in 1995 as a standard to guide the development and implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS). On the outset, BS7799 was considered, as a technology-neutral, vendor-neutral management system. It was intended that, if accurately implemented, it would guarantee an organization’s management of effective information security measures (Hall 1962). Those rallying for the BS7799 measures aim at a ddressing the challenges associated with availability, the integrity aspect and also the confidentiality of the information in an organization.. Protection covers those threats that the organization considers relevant and only to the extent that is justified financially and commercially through a risk assessment. The Code of Practice (which uses words like ‘may’ and which deals with controls, not with Information Security Management Systems), is now recognized under the dual numbers of ISO17799 and BS7799-1 . The basis for certification schemes is specification and ISO 27001 mandates the use of ISO 17799 as the source of guidance for the selection and implementation of the controls mandated by ISO 27001. The most recent version of the Code of Practice, and the one which must be used, is ISO/IEC 17799:2005. BS7799-2:2002 has also undergone revision and internationalization, and was replaced in November 2005 by ISO/IEC 27001:2005. The best way to keep in touch with the ch anges to the standards is to subscribe to 24743, the free information security newsletter that provides regularly updated FAQs on the new standards, as well as other ISMS information. The information security and regulatory environments ISO 27001 refers to a standard containing requirements for a company to implement an information security management system. There are two main reasons explaining the growing interest in certification to ISO 2700. These are: 1) the proliferation of threats to information this is aimed at curbing the possibility of the information landing on the wrong place or unauthorized persons having access to such information. Such incidences can have elemental effects to the institutions or the organizational functions. In addition, 2) the growth in the lawful and constitutional needs that are associated with information authenticity and protection. This is mostly useful when dealing with secure information. Such applications are used in the security sector, ban ks and credit cards etc where the transfer of information is through the protected channels accessible to few authorized individuals. This is aimed at minimizing compromising situation s that may results when the public or unauthorized persons access the information. Information security and technology Securing data or protecting computers from threats is normally undertaken by people with IT knowledge. This is done by assigning the users with log in credentials that regulate the person accessing the information. The ability of regulating who accesses what information also enables the It team to monitor and regulate the information flow and also be able to audit the information access and distribution in the system (Bennett, 2009). The computer user makes decisions about which threats to be protect the system from and what trade-offs between security and flexibility he or she is prepared to accept. The usage of the computers vary and various experts do various tasks based on the [po wers that the computers or the specifications of the job to be done. The variations in the usage rights also enables only certified people to access some classified information. Some of the information in the system can be very confidential and only the qualified personnel should be allowed to have access and possibly distribute such information(Schlager 1956). Advantages of ISO 27001 The benefits of ISO 27001 emanates from its principles. These are confidentiality, integrity, accuracy, completeness, and availability. The confidentiality allows the clients to have faith in the system and trust using the system for their day-to-day business. The integrity concepts emanates from the fact that the system is able to carry out the specified instructions or transactions pertaining a given action or command instructed. The accuracy assures the users that they will not be overcharged or underpaid thus ensuring that the information validity is not compromised. The availability of the appropr iate information to the right person at the right time. ISO 27001 ensures confidentiality that is information may not be made availed or disclosed for people, entities, or processes without permission. ISO 27001 ensures integrity. The information is protected from unauthorized changes. Conclusions Advances in a wide range of systems focused disciplines have increased our ability understand and model socio-ecological systems from the sub-cellular to global scale. These can be classed as ‘hard’, ‘soft’ approaches, and both are required when you are studying systems across multiple spatial and organizational levels. Here I suggest that diagramming, network theory combined with markup languages based on data and metadata standards within an analytical-deliberative framework can lead to learning and greater integration across these disparate systems based approaches. I am not suggesting that one approach or framework will address all situations, but highlighting the commonalities that will enable us to integrate across situations. References Bandura, A 2002, Social Learning Theory, General Learning Press- New York, New York. Bennett, E, Peterson G Gordon, J 2009, ‘Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem service,’ Ecology Letters, vol. 12, no.4, pp.1394-1404. Borgatti, P, Mehra, A, Brass, J, Labianca, G 2009, ‘Network analysis in the social sciences,’ Science, vol. 323, pp.892-895. Checkland, P1985, ‘From optimizing to learning – a development of systems thinking for the 1990s’, Journal of the Operational Research Society, vol. 36, no. 2,pp. 757-767. Hall, A1962, A methodology for systems engineering, Prentice Hall, New York. Lubchenco, J 2008,’Entering the century of the environment: A new social contract for science’, Science, vol.279, no.4, pp. 491-497. Sage, AP1992, Systems Engineering. Wiley IEEE, New York. Schlager, J1956, ‘Systems engineering key to mode rn development,’ IRE Transactions EM-3, vol. 2. No.2, pp. 64–66. This report on Soft System and Social Technical Approaches was written and submitted by user Edith G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing Sample on Analysis of a Visual Docment

Writing Sample on Analysis of a Visual DocmentIt is more than usual for people to ask what you should write when you want to write a sample essay on analysis of a visual document. In fact, there are many times when you may think that this can be the most boring and uninteresting subject that you can write. If you really wish to know what to write about, then here are some examples of visual documents that you should include in your writing samples.A Visual Docment is an article that has to deal with a particular subject matter or idea. These include real-world cases that you could encounter as well as fictional ones. The best ones are those that are based on a real life subject that is very closely related to the content of the essay. When people encounter the subject matter, they will be more inclined to read the essay.You may wonder why you should include a subject of visuals in your writing sample. The answer is simple. There are so many blogs out there that get many visitors each day. They may be using visual features of the blogs that are able to grab the attention of readers.What is the significance of including a visual docment in your writing sample? The main reason is that when people see a video, they will notice how the visual features of the blog appeals to them. When they see a photo, they will find it easy to enjoy the content of the blog. With these, the content is going to be more compelling to people.If you need to write a writing sample on an article on the analysis of a visual document, you have to include two parts in your essay. The first part is a set of examples of visual features of the blog. After that, you have to include a short paragraph that explains what you are saying in your essay.If you cannot provide examples that can grab people's attention, then you should leave the topic as you are to write a sample on analysis of a visual document. People are not going to take your topic serious if you do not give them enough examples to ma ke them curious. This will surely result in them reading your essay.What are the different reasons why people would want to include a visual docment in their writing samples? It is because they know that visual features of a blog will make it easy for them to read your essay. They will appreciate the visual aspect of the blog more if they encounter it in the first place.As you can see, there are many reasons why people want to include a visual docment in their writing samples. You should always include these kinds of things when you are writing a piece that is based on a visual document. If you can give something to people, then you should. They will appreciate the efforts that you put into writing a sample essay on analysis of a visual document.

P.T. Barnum Biography

P.T. Barnum Biography P.T. Barnum, often called The Greatest Showman on Earth, built a collection of curiosities into one of the worlds most successful traveling shows. However, his exhibits were often exploitative, and had a darker side. P.T. Barnum Fast Facts Full Name: Phineas Taylor BarnumBorn: July 5, 1810 in Bethel, ConnecticutDied: April 7, 1891 in Bridgeport, ConnecticutParents: Philo Barnum and Irene TaylorSpouses: Charity Hallett (m. 1829-1873) and Nancy Fish (m. 1874-1891)Children: Frances Irena, Caroline Cornelia, Helen Maria, and Pauline Taylor.Known For: Created the modern concept of the traveling circus as grand spectacle, promoted a number of hoaxes to entertain the public, and is credited with saying Theres a sucker born every minute. Early Years Born in Bethel, Connecticut, to Philo Barnum, an innkeeper, farmer, and shop owner, and his wife Irene Taylor, young Phineas Taylor Barnum was raised in a household that embraced the rigid conservative values of the Congregational church. The sixth of ten children, Barnum greatly admired his maternal grandfather, who was not only his namesake, but also a bit of a practical joker in a community that had only a few socially permissible forms of entertainment. Academically, Barnum excelled in school subjects like math, but hated the physical labor that was demanded of him on his fathers farm. He helped Philo out by working in the shop, but when his father died in 1825, teenage Barnum liquidated the family business, and went to work for a general store in a neighboring town. A few years later, at 19, Barnum married Charity Hallett, with whom he would eventually have four children. Around the same time, he began dabbling in investments in unusual speculation schemes, and was particularly interested promoting entertainment for the masses. Barnum believed that if he could only find one truly amazing thing to exhibit, he could be a success- as long as the crowd believed theyd gotten their moneys worth. Somewhere around 1835, a man walked into Barnums general store, knowing of Barnums interest in the odd and fantastic, and offered to sell him a curiosity. According to Gregg Mangan of Connecticut History, Joice Heth, an African American woman alleged to be 161 years old and former nurse to founding father George Washington, drew crowds of curious onlookers willing to pay for the chance to hear her speak and even sing. Barnum jumped at the opportunity to market her performances. P.T. Barnum got his start as a showman by purchasing a blind, nearly paralyzed, elderly African American woman for $1,000 and then working her for ten hours a day. He marketed her as the oldest woman alive, and she died less than a year later. Barnum charged spectators to view her autopsy, at which it was announced that she was no more than 80 years old. The Greatest Showman on Earth After exploiting Heth and marketing her as a curiosity, Barnum learned in 1841 that Scudder’s American Museum was for sale. Scudders, located on Broadway in New York City, housed a collection of some $50,000 worth of relics and rare curiosities, so Barnum pounced on the opportunity. He rebranded Scudders as Barnums American Museum, filled it with the oddest things he could find, and blasted the American public with his extravagant showmanship. Although he is credited with saying Theres a sucker born every minute, theres no evidence that these words came from Barnum; what he did say was the American people liked to be humbugged.† Barnums particular brand of humbuggery included marketing exotic, imported animals displayed alongside fakes. There was the so-called Feejee Mermaid, which was a monkeys head sewn onto the body of a large fish, and a giant, working replica of Niagara Falls. In addition, he created his traveling freak show, using real people as exhibits, and often creating elaborate, false backstories to make them seem more exciting to the crowds. In 1842, he met Charles Stratton, a four-year-old boy from Bridgeport, who was unusually small at just 25 tall. Barnum marketed the child to audiences as General Tom Thumb, an eleven-year-old entertainer from England. Barnums traveling spectacle gained momentum with the addition of Stratton, who was drinking wine and smoking cigars by the age of five, as well as Native American dancers, Salvadoran children who were marketed as Aztecs, and a number of people of African descent whose exhibits were rooted in racial prejudices of the time. Barnum took his show to Europe, where they played to Queen Victoria and other members of royalty. Barnum with Charles Stratton, who used the stage name Tom Thumb. Bettmann   / Getty Images In 1850, Barnum managed to convince Jenny Lind, the Swedish Nightingale to come perform in New York. Lind, who was devout and a philanthropist, demanded her $150,000 fee in advance so she could use it to fund education programs in Sweden. Barnum went heavily into debt to pay Linds fees, but made the money back fairly early into her successful tour. Barnums promotion and marketing was so overwhelming that Lind eventually opted out of her contract, the two parted ways amicably, and both made a lot of money. The Darker Side of the Show Although Barnum is often portrayed as a delightful showman, much of his success was rooted in the exploitation of others. In addition to Stratton and Heth, Barnum profited from exhibiting a number of other individuals as human curiosities. William Henry Johnson was introduced to Barnums audiences as the man-monkey, found in the wilds of Africa. Johnson, an African American who suffered from microcephaly, was born to poor parents who were former slaves, and who allowed a local circus to display Johnson and his unusually small cranium for money. When his agent got him a role with Barnum, his fame skyrocketed. Barnum dressed him in furs and renamed him Zip the Pinhead, and billed him as the What is It? Barnum claimed Johnson as a missing link between civilized people and a naked race of men, traveling about by climbing on tree branches. A woman holds conjoined twins who were part of Barnums exhibit. Hulton Collection / Deutsch / Getty Images Annie Jones, the Bearded Lady, was another of Barnums most popular sideshows. Barnell had facial hair from the time she was an infant, and as a toddler, her parents sold her to Barnum as the Infant Esau, a reference to the Biblical figure known for an impressive beard. Jones ended up staying with Barnum for most of her life, and became one of the most successful bearded lady performers of all time. Isaac Sprague, the human skeleton, had an unusual condition in which his muscles atrophied, worked for Barnum several times through his adult life. Chang and Eng Bunker, well-known today as conjoined twins, had been circus performers earlier in their lives, and came out of retirement in North Carolina to join Barnum as a special exhibit. Prince Randian, the living torso, was brought to the U.S. by Barnum at age 18, and demonstrated amazing feats for audiences who wanted to see a man with no limbs do things like roll a cigarette or shave his own face. In addition to these types of acts, Barnum hired giants, dwarves, conjoined infants, people with extra and missing limbs, and several physically and mentally disabled individuals as exhibits for his audiences. He also regularly produced and promoted blackface minstrel shows. Legacy P.T. Barnum Monument, Bridgeport, Connecticut, circa 1962. Archive Photos / Getty Images Although Barnum built his success on promoting the freak show, which was rooted in the fears and prejudices of nineteenth century audiences, it appears that later in life he had a slight change of perspective. In the years prior to the Civil War, Barnum campaigned for public office and ran on an anti-slavery platform. He admitted to having engaged in the purchase and sale of slaves, and to having physically abused his slaves, and expressed regret for his actions. Later, he became a philanthropist, and donated a large sum of money to Tufts University for the establishment of a biology and natural history museum. Barnum died in 1891. The show hed founded had merged with James Baileys traveling circus ten years prior, forming Barnum Baileys Circus, and was eventually sold to Ringling Brothers, nearly two decades after his death. The city of Bridgeport, Connecticut, honored Barnum with a statue in his memory, and held a six-week Barnum Festival every year. Today, the Barnum Museum in Bridgeport houses over 1,200 of the curiosities that traveled around the country with Barnums show. Sources â€Å"About P.T. Barnum.†Ã‚  The Barnum Museum, barnum-museum.org/about/about-p-t-barnum/.Barnum, P. T./ Mihm, Stephen (EDT).  The Life of P. T. Barnum, Written by Himself: With Related Documents. Macmillan Higher Education, 2017.Cunningham, Sean, and Sean Cunningham. â€Å"P.T. Barnums Most Famous Freaks.†Ã‚  InsideHook, 21 Dec. 2017, www.insidehook.com/article/history/p-t-barnums-famous-freaks.Flatley, Helen. â€Å"The Darker Side of How P.T. Barnum Became ‘The Greatest Showman.’†Ã‚  The Vintage News, 6 Jan. 2019, www.thevintagenews.com/2019/01/06/greatest-showman/.Mansky, Jackie. â€Å"P.T. Barnum Isnt the Hero the ‘Greatest Showman’ Wants You to Think.†Ã‚  Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 22 Dec. 2017, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-pt-barnum-greatest-humbug-them-all-180967634/.